scholarly journals Press releases as medical knowledge: Making news and identification in medical research communication

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-130
Author(s):  
Karolina Lindh
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Press Releases ◽  
Research Communication

scholarly journals Future of Medical Research in Rare Diseases and Cancers: Shift from Pharma to Biotech and the Golden Age of Medical Advancement

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Abhith Pallegar
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Diverse Data

The objective of the paper is to elucidate how interconnected biological systems can be better mapped and understood using the rapidly growing area of Big Data. We can harness network efficiencies by analyzing diverse medical data and probe how we can effectively lower the economic cost of finding cures for rare diseases. Most rare diseases are due to genetic abnormalities, many forms of cancers develop due to genetic mutations. Finding cures for rare diseases requires us to understand the biology and biological processes of the human body. In this paper, we explore what the historical shift of focus from pharmacology to biotechnology means for accelerating biomedical solutions. With biotechnology playing a leading role in the field of medical research, we explore how network efficiencies can be harnessed by strengthening the existing knowledge base. Studying rare or orphan diseases provides rich observable statistical data that can be leveraged for finding solutions. Network effects can be squeezed from working with diverse data sets that enables us to generate the highest quality medical knowledge with the fewest resources. This paper examines gene manipulation technologies like Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) that can prevent diseases of genetic variety. We further explore the role of the emerging field of Big Data in analyzing large quantities of medical data with the rapid growth of computing power and some of the network efficiencies gained from this endeavor. 

scholarly journals Medical research and their ethical nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
I. V. Lantukh ◽  
N. F. Merkulova ◽  
V. M. Ostapenko
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Public Control ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Medical Experiments ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
The Subject

Annotation. The article examines the problem of medical researches, which is so relevant and necessary especially today, during the COVID-19 pandemic. It turns out that medical researches have an ethical nature, due to two interrelated aspects – the first aspect relates to professional medical practice, the second – to the patient's personality. Human medical research is based on the "rule of consent". This is necessary to protect the subject of medical research against various threats. The ethical implications of medical research stem from the need to comply with social requirements. The ratio of internal (professional) and external (public) control over medical research is both moral and social problems. Public control over medical research should be limited to such an extent as to leave room for the professional work of scientists. One aspect of this problem is related to the physical well-being of the subject of medical research: an adequate balance between risk and success is determined solely by the physician. The second aspect is related to the well-being of the person being studied as an individual and comes down to the question of who should determine this balance. Physicians attribute this right exclusively to themselves: only they can obtain the necessary information, without putting pressure on their patients. It is important to affirm the "principle of support" for medical research: the only one who can assess the human aspect of research is the subject himself. At first, the patient usually trusts his doctor, but later he must be able to decide how justified this trust was. The scientist-physician must realize that his future as a researcher depends not only on scientific but also moral qualities. On the other hand, fear of the sad consequences of the experiment should not be an obstacle to scientific progress. Important characteristics of the experiment are its reliability and validity. Therefore, medical experiments are an important tool for the development of medical knowledge about a person, about his health.

Health Care, the Circulation of Medical Knowledge, and Research in the Soviet Gulag in the 1930s

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-365
Author(s):  
Oxana Ermolaeva
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Main Task

This article aims at a historical analysis of medical culture, health care services, and medical research in the GULAG. After presenting a brief history of the GULAG medical service, the study focuses on the specific features and factors surrounding medical knowledge production, implementation, and circulation. The article also investigates medical research conducted within the GULAG, touching upon the situation in which it emerged and the ways it was carried out. It argues that due to several factors, which will be discussed in detail, the GULAG health care proved internally deficient and failed to fulfill its main task, namely the preservation of the health of the prisoners. The circulation of medical knowledge in the GULAG had unique features, which are all explained by the specific character of the semi-military regime of this penitentiary institution, veiled in secrecy, and the severe underfinancing of the medical service. Medical research, conducted in the Soviet GULAG in conditions of professional isolation, nevertheless contributed to the development of medical science in the Soviet Union, especially the diagnostics and treatment of specific diseases caused by malnutrition in extreme climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Semantic Web: A Context for Medical Knowledge Discovering and Sharing

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Mahtab Karami
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Quality Of Healthcare ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General View ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Web Standards

Background and Aim: This article will discuss Semantic Web standards and ontologies in two areas: (1) the research and (2) healthcare. Semantic Web standards are important in the medical sciences since much of the medical research that is available needs an avenue to be shared across disparate computer systems.Methods: This review article was performed based on a literature review and internet search through scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of science and Google Scholar.Conclusion: Ontologies can provide a basis for the searching of context-based medical research information so that it can be integrated and used as a foundation for future research. The healthcare industry will be examined specifically in its use of electronic health records (EHR), which need Semantic Web standards to be communicated across different EHR systems. The increased use of EHRs across healthcare organizations will also require ontologies to support context-sensitive searching of information, as well as creating context-based rules for appointments, procedures, and tests so that the quality of healthcare is improved. Literature in these areas has been combined in this article to provide a general view of how Semantic Web standards and ontologies are used, and to give examples of applications in the areas of healthcare and the medical sciences.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis, Ideals of Objectivity, and the Reliability of Medical Knowledge

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-121
Author(s):  
Saana Jukola
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Meta Analyses

This paper focuses on the ideals of scientific objectivity as they emerge in discussions concerning meta-analyses and medical research. Stegenga (2011) has argued that meta-analyses fail to be objective because conducting them involves making judgments. I show that his reasoning is based on the so-called procedural ideal of objectivity, which can be questioned: this ideal is unattainable and does not capture some of the problematic issues of medical research. By introducing a case in research on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, I demonstrate why the so-called social view on objectivity succeeds better in accommodating 1) the way in which scientific research necessarily involves judgments, 2) the possible risks involved in research, and 3) the influence that the institutional context has on research activities. Adopting this ideal of objectivity helps us better appreciate the virtues of meta-analyses and pinpoint which practices threaten the reliability of meta-analyses’ results.

scholarly journals The work of the National Institute for Medical Research

1949 ◽  
Vol 136 (884) ◽  
pp. 333-348 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
Insured Person ◽  
Actual Field

the National Insurance Act of 1911 there was contained a provision which has ved to be of great importance for scientific work in this country. This provision d down that the sum of one penny per insured person should be provided from blic funds for the purposes of research. The total income resulting amounted to 5,000 in the first year of the operation of the Act, and it was for the administration this sum and for the decision as to the purposes to which it should be put that the dical Research Committee was appointed in 1913. The first report of the Committee, which appeared late in 1915 over the signature the first secretary, Walter Fletcher, and was submitted to the Chairman of the tional Health Insurance Joint Committee, contained a declaration of policy ich is of such fundamental importance to the conduct of medical research that it seems to me to be worth quoting in full at this time. In defining their objects the Committee made the following statement: ‘The object of the research is the extension of medical knowledge with the vie of increasing our powers of preserving health and preventing or combating diseas But otherwise than that this is to be the guiding aim, the actual field of research not limited and is to be wide enough to include, so far as may from time to time found desirable, all researches bearing on health or disease, whether or not su researches have any direct or immediate bearing on any particular disease or cla of diseases, provided that they are judged to be useful in promoting the attainme of the above object.'

scholarly journals 1. Basics and purchasing tips

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 703-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bankole A. Johnson ◽  
Lynda T. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Research Communication

Computers are essential tools for medical research, communication and management. Informed choices require a basic knowledge of computers. Many doctors have, however, been frustrated by unnecessary jargon.

scholarly journals The work of the National Institute for Medical Research

1949 ◽  
Vol 198 (1054) ◽  
pp. 293-308
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
Insured Person ◽  
Actual Field

In the National Insurance Act of 1911 there was contained a provision which has proved to be of great importance for scientific work in this country. This provision laid down that the sum of one penny per insured person should be provided from public funds for the purposes of research. The total income resulting amounted to £55,000 in the first year of the operation of the Act, and it was for the administration of this sum and for the decision as to the purposes to which it should be put that the Medical Research Committee was appointed in 1913. The first report of the Committee, which appeared late in 1915 over the signature of the first secretary, Walter Fletcher, and was submitted to the Chairman of the National Health Insurance Joint Committee, contained a declaration of policy which is of such fundamental importance to the conduct of medical research that it seems to me to be worth quoting in full at this time. In defining their objects the Committee made the following statement: 'The object of the research is the extension of medical knowledge with the view of increasing our powers of preserving health and preventing or combating disease. But otherwise than that this is to be the guiding aim, the actual field of research is not limited and is to be wide enough to include, so far as may from time to time be found desirable, all researches bearing on health or disease, whether or not such researches have any direct or immediate bearing on any particular disease or class of diseases, provided that they are judged to be useful in promoting the attainment of the above object.’

Hospital

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan S. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
General Function ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
Medical Faculties ◽  
Private Corporations ◽  
The University

Hospitals are traditional sites, not only of care, but of knowledge production. The word ‘hospital’ is derived from ‘hospitality’, and is also associated with ‘spital’, ‘hotel’ and ‘hospice’. In medieval society, the hospice was a place of rest, security and entertainment. The Knights Hospitallers were an order of military monks that took its historical origin from a hospital founded in Jerusalem in 1048. Before the rise of the modern research hospital, these spitals had a more general function as charitable institutions for the care and maintenance of the aged, infirm and impoverished. Hospitals were important in the historical emergence of the university, but with the dominance of bio-medical sciences medical faculties have become increasingly separated geographically and administratively from other faculties. Medical research is dominated by private corporations and increasingly medical knowledge exists outside the conventional procedures and norms of scientific research.

Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Medical Research

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
J. D. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Prosthetic Heart Valve ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mechanism Of Failure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Scanning Electron

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.

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