Virulence Traits and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Untyped Mycoplasma species Recovered from Sheep and Goat in Egypt

Introduction: Enteric fever is a public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella sp causing enteric fever is changing over time and also differs according to geographical location. Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp is mandatory for management of enteric fever rationally. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance pattern of Salmonella sp to commonly used antimicrobials. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken reviewing the records of blood isolates of Salmonella sp over one year period at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done following Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion technique using Muller Hinton agar. Results: Salmonella typhi was found to be 100% resistance to ampicillin and resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was also high. The resistance to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin was low. No resistance was found to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and amikacin. However, among the sensitive isolates of Salmonella typhi intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime was reported to be high. Among the isolates of S paratyphi A, the resistance to nalidixic acid was 100% followed by 75% to ciprofloxacin. No resistance was found to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefixime, amikacin and low resistance to amoxicillin and ofloxacin. Among the sensitive isolates of S paratyphi A, majority of them were only moderately sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and about 1/3 of the organisms had only intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone. Conclusiion: Commonly used parenteral third generation cephalosporins, first line drugs like chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and ofloxacin among fluoroquinolones were found to be effective in vitro in treating enteric fever. However, Salmonella typhi was found to be highly resistant to the most frequently used drugs like ciprofloxacin and cefixime and Salmonella paratyphi A to ciprofloxacin. A comparative chart of antimicrobial sensitivity of enteric fever in children over 10 year period from different hospitals of Kathmandu valley is also presented in the study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6625 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 221-228

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Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Microorganisms Isolated from Vaginal Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Bangalore, India

International Journal of Medical Students ◽

10.5195/ijms.2015.111 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 34-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nagalakshmi Narayana-Swamy ◽

Padmasri Ramalingappa ◽

Urvashi Bhatara

Keyword(s):

Low Frequency ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Vaginal Infections ◽

Treatment Protocols ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Sensitivity Pattern

Background: The vagina contains dozens of microbiological species in variable quantities and is, therefore, considered a complex environment. Among the microorganisms, bacteria have important repercussions on women’s health. The present study was conducted to elucidate this type of vaginal isolates and their sensitivity towards currently used antibiotics. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sapthagiri Hospital, Bangalore, India from January 2012 to December 2013. All symptomatic women who had a high vaginal swab taken for culture and sensitivity testing were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using disc diffusion method (modified Kirby-Bauer’s method). The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolated microorganisms were studied. Results: Out of 200 patients, 95% had positive vaginal cultures. Fifteen types of microorganisms were isolated. The highest frequency of infection was seen at the age of 20-30 years, followed by 41-50 years and 31-40 years, and a low frequency of infection was observed above 50 years of age. The most prevalent pathogen was Escherichia coli, followed by Streptococcus agalactiae and diphtheroids with equal incidence. Among the antibiotics tested, isolated pathogens were completely resistant to nalidixic acid and highly sensitive to meropenem and imepenem. Conclusion: The high prevalence of gynaecological infections demands that patients with symptoms undergo thorough investigation with cultures and sensitivity essays. Changes in treatment protocols are required to treat vaginal infections effectively.

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Bacteremic Pneumonia Caused by Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci: Case Report and Review with a Canadian Perspective

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1992/963907 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 185-188

Author(s):

David R Burdge ◽

Vincent C Woo ◽

Patricia MA Ritchie

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Case Report ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Penicillin Resistance ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Canadian Perspective ◽

Bacteremic Pneumonia

A Canadian adult with bacteremic pneumonia caused by a relatively penicillin-resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration 0.25 μg/mL) Streptococcus pneumoniae is reported, and the published literature regarding penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Canada reviewed. Although penicillin resistance has been reported infrequently to date, this case emphasizes the need for routine antimicrobial sensitivity testing of all pneumococci isolated from normally sterile sites, and for ongoing systematic surveillance for penicillin and other antibiotic resistance in Canada.

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Bloodstream infections and trends of antimicrobial sensitivity patterns at Port Blair

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/jlp.jlp_50_18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (03) ◽

pp. 332-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amit Banik ◽

Sanjeev H. Bhat ◽

Abhay Kumar ◽

Agnijeet Palit ◽

Kandregula Snehaa

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Care ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

The Body ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: Bloodstream infection can range from inapparent bacteremia until fulminant septic shock with high mortality. Microorganisms present in circulating blood whether continuously, intermittently, or transiently are a threat to every organ in the body. Culture of blood is a vital tool to diagnose such infections. Drug susceptibility patterns help in rationalizing therapy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform bacteriological analysis and assess drug sensitivity patterns of isolates from blood stream infections. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study was conducted from May 2015 to February 2017 at a tertiary care hospital, Port Blair, India. Blood samples were collected with aseptic guidelines and cultured for 7 days. Growths were identified using standard biochemical tests and subjected to sensitivity testing according to Modified Kirby–Bauer’s disk diffusion method. Data for the source of blood collection and duration of incubation were noted and compared. RESULTS: A total of 270 (14.24%) pathogens were isolated from 1895 bacteremia suspect patient blood specimens. Contamination was observed at a rate of 1.63%. Gram-positive cocci (60.37%) were predominant organisms recovered followed by Gram-negative Bacilli (36.29%) and Yeasts (3.33%). Staphylococcus aureus, CoNS, and Acinetobacter spp. were the primary pathogens isolated. Aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and glycopeptides were the most effective drugs for treating bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: Successful treatment of sepsis depends on early diagnosis and proper antimicrobial therapy. Local knowledge of bacteriological profile and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns helps rationalize empiric treatment strategies.

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Cantilever Sensors for Rapid Optical Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing

ACS Sensors ◽

10.1021/acssensors.0c01216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 3133-3139 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Isabel Bennett ◽

Alice L. B. Pyne ◽

Rachel A. McKendry

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Cantilever Sensors ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity

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Prevalence, Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella in Retail Pork in Jiangsu Province, Eastern China

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-269 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 236-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

YU-CHEN LI ◽

ZHI-MING PAN ◽

XI-LONG KANG ◽

SHI-ZHONG GENG ◽

ZHONG-YI LIU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eastern China ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Jiangsu Province ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Free Markets ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Salmonella Serovars ◽

Pork Samples

Salmonella is commonly isolated from raw pork and is a leading cause of foodborne illness. Because China has the highest rate of pork consumption and the largest number of pig breeding facilities in the world, an epidemiological analysis of Salmonella species from pork in China is warranted. In this study, pork samples (n = 1,096) were collected from 20 major free markets in four cities of Jiangsu province from August 2010 to December 2012. A total of 163 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 154 Salmonella-positive samples. Among 14 Salmonella serovars identified, Derby (47.9%) was most prevalent, followed by Typhimurium (10.4%), Meleagridis (9.2%), Anatum (8.6%), and London (6.7%). Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed that 134 (82.2%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 41 (25.2%) were resistant to more than three antimicrobials. The highest resistance was to tetracycline (66.3% of isolates) followed by ampicillin (39.9%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (31.3%), and nalidixic acid (30.1%). Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed 14 sequence type (ST) patterns; ST40 was the most common (77 isolates) followed by ST64 (19 isolates). Our research revealed a high prevalence of Salmonella in retail pork. Diversity among the Salmonella isolates was high in terms of serovar and genotype, and multidrug resistance was prevalent. Multilocus sequence type was generally associated with serovar and provided a reliable prediction of the most common Salmonella serovars.

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Antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in Northern Ireland, 2001–2003: standardization needed for better epidemiological monitoring

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268806007291 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 135 (4) ◽

pp. 675-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. ONG ◽

I. WILSON ◽

B. SMYTH ◽

P. ROONEY

Keyword(s):

Northern Ireland ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Epidemiological Monitoring ◽

Testing Practices ◽

Third Generation Cephalosporins

SUMMARYThis study investigated the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella isolates in Northern Ireland during 2001–2003. All six participating hospital laboratories used similar methods. Identification and antimicrobial resistance of human enteric (n=897) Salmonella isolates were analysed by retrospective collation of laboratory records. Resistance of human Salmonella isolates to nalidixic acid was 16% but resistance to ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime was rare (<1%). Minor inter-laboratory variations in sensitivity testing practices make it difficult to compare antimicrobial sensitivity results reliably and also to monitor for epidemic clones such as S. Typhimurium DT104 with the ACSSuT resistance pattern. The outcome of this study was the adoption of a standardized regional approach to the isolation of salmonella antimicrobial resistance. This should improve epidemiological monitoring of epidemic clones and assure optimum treatment options are available. In cases of treatment failure, MICs to third-generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin should be determined.

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Bacteriological Quality of Potable Water Consumed in Cape Coast and Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana

Microbiology Research Journal International ◽

10.9734/mrji/2021/v31i430314 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 77-88

Author(s):

Samuel Addo Akwetey ◽

Ernest Oduro-Kwarteng ◽

Priscilla Ocran ◽

Kumi Nana Anokye ◽

Allswell Donkor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potable Water ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Pseudomonas Sp ◽

Cape Coast ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Bacteriological Quality ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Identification Techniques

Background: Bacterial contamination of potable water remains a global canker and has been reported to result in deaths from gastrointestinal infections. Treatment of gastrointestinal infections is becoming difficult due to antimicrobial resistance. This study sought to assess the bacteriological quality of potable water consumed in Cape Coast and Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. Methodology: Eighty-seven (87) samples of potable water were collected from various vicinities of Cape Coast (43) and Takoradi (44). The samples were analyzed for their bacterial loads using various laboratory bacteriological procedures and the resulting colonies were subjected to standard identification techniques. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) was carried out to determine the susceptibility patterns of the various isolates. Results: A total of 220 bacterial isolates were identified comprising 18 species, with Bacillus cereus. (13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.5%), and Klebsiella sp. (10%), being predominant and Pseudomonas sp. (2.3%), Streptococcus sp. (1.8%), and Serratia sp. (0.5%) being less frequent. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing (AST) revealed multiple antimicrobial-resistant bacteria including, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Klebsiella sp. The average HPC and TCC of the various samples ranged from 0.20 - 1.94 x 108 CFU/ml and 0.00 - 2.39 x 108 CFU/ml respectively. Conclusion: Some potable water in Cape Coast and Takoradi metropolis including most sachet water sold on the streets were found to be highly contaminated with bacteria.

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Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Food Handlers in Duhok City

Science Journal of University of Zakho ◽

10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.4.540 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 140-145

Author(s):

Masood A. Abdulrahman ◽

Arazoo I. Taher

Keyword(s):

Food Poisoning ◽

Food Contamination ◽

Food Handlers ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Public Places ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Mueller Hinton ◽

Mueller Hinton Agar

Food handlers harbouring S. aureus on their noses or in hands are considered as the main source of food contamination. Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus is a serious issue. The study aimed to find out the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus among food handlers in restaurants of Duhok city. Nasal and hand swabs were taken from 200 food handlers. The collected swabs inoculated on mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37oC for 24-48h. Isolates identified as S. aureus underwent antimicrobial sensitivity testing to methicillin and vancomycin on Mueller Hinton agar. A total of 74 (37%) out of 200 cultures of food handlers were found to be colonized with S. aureus.53 (26.5%) isolated from the nose, compared with 8 (4.0%) from hands and 13 (6.5%) from both. 27% of the food handlers were found to be MRSA carrier, and none of the isolates were resistant to Vancomycin. The study revealed a high prevalence of MRSA among food handlers in Duhok city. Food handlers in public places are required to go through regular screening for both nasal and skin carriage of S. aureusfor the early detection and treatment of carriers. So as to protect the community from staphylococcal food poisoning and the spread of resistant S. aureus strains among the population.

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Clinical Conditions and Risk Factors of Acinetobacter Baumannii Producing Metallo Beta-Lactamases Among Hospitalized Patients

Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences ◽

10.47631/jsrmbs.v2i4.372 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

Sulaiman Alhusam

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Endotracheal Intubation ◽

Culture Media ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

The Difference ◽

Clinical Conditions

Purpose: The study aimed to determine the clinical conditions and risk factors associated with MBL produced by A.bumannii among hospitalized patients. Subjects and Methods: The clinical samples were collected from inpatients and subcultured on routine culture media for growth. Identification of bacteria along with antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done by VITEK®2 compact (bioMerieux). Isolates that were resistant to Meropenem and/or Imipenem were followed to detection of MBL by using metallo-β-lactamases by imipenem EDTA combined disc test (IMP-EDTA CDT) method. Demographic and clinical data of each patient were collected in terms of the type of infection, hospital-stay, associated factors, and outcome till discharge. Results: A number of 73(86.9%) isolates of A.baumannii were resistant to carbapenem. out of 73 carbapenem-resistant isolates, 64(87.7%) were found to be MBL positive. The patients with age more than 60 years i.e. 35.9% (23/64) were found to be more common in MBL positive isolates of A. baumannii. The difference in the distribution of MBL positive and MBL negative cases with endotracheal intubation and in Surgery during the last 30 days of incubation was found to be statistically significant. The mortality rate of patients infected by MBL positive isolates of A.baumannii was 12.5%. Conclusion: The MBL positive strains among carbapenem-resistant isolates of A.baumannii were high. endotracheal intubation and Surgery during the last 30 days were independently associated with MBL positive cases.

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