scholarly journals Criminal activity of the population during the pandemic: Preconditions, situation and possible risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Shipunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Economic Crime ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
High Level

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly intensified all social processes and has given rise to a series of negative social phenomena. In the article, the author considers only one of them — crime. The author analyzes the features of the criminal activity of the Russian population during the pandemic. The following preconditions for the criminalization of the Russian population during the pandemic are noted: uncontrollability of the process to prevent the virus from spreading; deterioration of the situation of the population; unsuccessful optimization of healthcare in previous years; lack of control over the activities of the political and economic elite, which controls the distribution of social benefits. An analysis of the criminal activity of the Russian population showed that it is characterized by both global trends and some specific characteristics. These characteristics include: the growth of banditry, extremism and organized crime; an increase in the number of grave and especially grave crimes; high levels of corruption and economic crime. Particularly alarming is the damage caused by white-collar crime, in particular, in the implementation of national projects. The risks of criminal activity are also highlighted: legal practice in relation to organized crime of business structures; further deterioration of the situation of the population; imperfection of the law regarding domestic violence; high level of corruption among officials; the rapid development of cyberbullying, leading to an increase in aggression and violence among underage youth. All of them act as risks of propagating both actual and “delayed” criminal activity.

Can Russia Fight Organized Crime and Corruption?

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Louise I. Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
High Level ◽  
Personal Interests

The murder of Valentin Tsvetkov, the governor of Magadan in central Moscow in broad day light in October 2002 highlights that organized crime and corruption are still alive and well and highly destructive of life and governance in Russia (Wines, 2002). His murder once again raises the question, “Why has Russia not been able to stop organized crime and high level corruption?” The answer is that Russia docs not have the political will at the national, regional or local level to fight these problems. This is true because the Kremlin and economic elite push their personal interests over those of the state and the society. Structural problems such as low salaries of state personnel and the embedding of organized crime and corruption make reform very difficult.

Money laundering in the modern crime system

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgy Rusanov ◽  
Yury Pudovochkin
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Economic Crime ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Financing Of Terrorism

Purpose This paper aims to study the role of money laundering in the system of modern crime. Design/methodology/approach The methodology of this research will include the study of quite obvious relationships, which in themselves do not need special substantiation today, namely, money laundering and terrorism; money laundering and corruption; money laundering and organized crime. Findings The following methods are used in the research process: studying the sentences of the courts of the Russian Federation related to the conviction of persons for money laundering; analysis of national judicial statistics and statistics of international organizations related to money laundering; a survey of 96 experts (law enforcement officers, scientists specializing in the study of combating money laundering, government officials whose powers include activities to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism). Originality/value Based on the results of the study, a number of conclusions were made. In particular, at present, in view of the built-up effective system of measures to control the income received as a result of certain types of criminal activity (corruption crime, organized crime, economic crime), money laundering has taken a leading role in the structure of modern crime.

scholarly journals Penalties for economic crimes in the criminal laws of the UK and the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Anastasia K. Yakubenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Crime ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Economic Crimes

The subject of the presented research is the criminal law on punishment and other measures of criminal law applied in Great Britain and the United States to persons who have been found guilty of committing economic crimes. Purpose of the study: to present scientifically grounded proposals on the advisability of including in the Russian criminal law certain measures of criminal law that are applied to persons convicted of economic crimes, as an effective means of preventing white-collar crime. List of methods and objects of research. In the course of the research, dialectical, comparative-legal, formal-logical, as well as other methods of cognition used in theoretical and legal research were used in aggregate. Conclusions of the study: in the UK and the US, the practice of attracting persons convicted of many economic crimes is characterized by a high degree of severity. Punishments and other measures of criminal law, as a rule, involve the imposition of imprisonment for long periods. In addition, the perpetrator is subject to penalties aimed at the seizure of illegally obtained material values, as well as compensation for harm caused to the victim as a result of criminal activity. Such methods of combating economic crime have a high effect of private prevention of the commission of new crimes. But a significant number of people held in places of deprivation of liberty has an extremely negative effect on the financial and other interests of the state. Therefore, the Russian policy of humanizing criminal responsibility is seen as more promising in terms of countering modern economic crime. At the same time, the rule on the application of property-related punishments should be considered as a priority in the fight against economic crimes.

CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CORRUPTION-RELATED CRIMES IN THE FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Сергей Иванович Вележев ◽  
Антон Михайлович Седогин
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Energy Complex ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
High Level

В представленной статье авторами рассматриваются вопросы уголовно-правовой охраны топливно-энергетического комплекса Российской Федерации от преступных проявлений, в том числе от коррупционной противоправной деятельности должностных лиц. Такие действия причиняют значительный ущерб нормальному функционированию предприятий топливно-энергетического комплекса. Авторами приводятся результаты исследования некоторых криминологических характеристик должностных лиц, совершивших преступления коррупционного характера. Дан анализ причин и условий, способствующих совершению вышеуказанных противоправных действий. Определена типовая модель преступника для данной категории преступлений и его характеристики: в первую очередь, это высокий уровень компетентности, специальное образование и т. д. Авторами отмечается высокий уровень латентной преступности в данной отрасли. Предложены некоторые пути профилактики данной категории правонарушений. Исследование проводилось на основе анализа конкретных уголовных дел, возбужденных следственными органами по результатам оперативно-розыскной деятельности правоохранительных органов. In the article the authors consider the issues of criminal and legal protection of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation from criminal activity including corrupt illegal practices of officials. The authors cite the results of some criminological characteristics study of the fuel and energy complex staff committed corruption crimes. As a result of these illegal actions significant damage is caused to the normal functioning of the fuel and energy enterprises. Such officials` actions determine not only a wide range of other illegal activities, but also lead to public outcry and discredit the industry as a whole. The analysis of the reasons and conditions contributing to the above illegal actions commission is given. A typical model of a criminal for a given crime category and its characteristics are determined. First of all it is a high level competence, special education, etc. A high level of latent crime in this industry is shown. The study results are presented on the example of specific criminal cases initiated by the investigating authorities based on the results of the operation detection activities of law enforcement agencies. Some ways of preventing this category of offenses are proposed.

scholarly journals Mobile Networks and Internet of Things Infrastructures to Characterize Smart Human Mobility

Smart Cities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 894-918
Author(s):  
Luís Rosa ◽  
Fábio Silva ◽  
Cesar Analide
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
High Level

The evolution of Mobile Networks and Internet of Things (IoT) architectures allows one to rethink the way smart cities infrastructures are designed and managed, and solve a number of problems in terms of human mobility. The territories that adopt the sensoring era can take advantage of this disruptive technology to improve the quality of mobility of their citizens and the rationalization of their resources. However, with this rapid development of smart terminals and infrastructures, as well as the proliferation of diversified applications, even current networks may not be able to completely meet quickly rising human mobility demands. Thus, they are facing many challenges and to cope with these challenges, different standards and projects have been proposed so far. Accordingly, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been utilized as a new paradigm for the design and optimization of mobile networks with a high level of intelligence. The objective of this work is to identify and discuss the challenges of mobile networks, alongside IoT and AI, to characterize smart human mobility and to discuss some workable solutions to these challenges. Finally, based on this discussion, we propose paths for future smart human mobility researches.

Rapid development of distributed applications using high-level communication support

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyu Lim ◽  
Bart Kevelham ◽  
Niels Nijdam ◽  
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Distributed Applications ◽  
Communication Support ◽  
High Level

scholarly journals High-Level Carbapenem Resistance in OXA-232-Producing Raoultella ornithinolytica Triggered by Ertapenem Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Iovleva ◽  
Roberta T. Mettus ◽  
Christi L. McElheny ◽  
Marissa P. Griffith ◽  
Mustapha M. Mustapha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Class D ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT OXA-232 is an OXA-48-group class D β-lactamase that hydrolyzes expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems at low levels. Clinical strains producing OXA-232 are sometimes susceptible to carbapenems, making it difficult to identify them in the clinical microbiology laboratory. We describe the development of carbapenem resistance in sequential clinical isolates of Raoultella ornithinolytica carrying blaOXA-232 in a hospitalized patient, where the ertapenem MIC increased from 0.5 μg/ml to 512 μg/ml and the meropenem MIC increased from 0.125 μg/ml to 32 μg/ml during the course of ertapenem therapy. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis identified loss-of-function mutations in ompC and ompF in carbapenem-resistant isolates that were not present in the initial carbapenem-susceptible isolate. Complementation of a carbapenem-resistant isolate with an intact ompF gene resulted in 16- to 32-fold reductions in carbapenem MICs, whereas complementation with intact ompC resulted in a 2-fold reduction in carbapenem MICs. Additionally, blaOXA-232 expression increased 2.9-fold in a carbapenem-resistant isolate. Rapid development of high-level carbapenem resistance in initially carbapenem-susceptible OXA-232-producing R. ornithinolytica under selective pressure from carbapenem therapy highlights the diagnostic challenges in detecting Enterobacteriaceae strains producing this inefficient carbapenemase.

The Infection of the ventriculus of the adult honeybee by Nosema apis (Zander)

Parasitology ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Polar Filament ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Nosema Apis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
High Level

1. Spores of Nosema apis nearly all germinate within 30 min. after entering the ventriculus of the honeybee.2. The cause of germination in vivo remains unknown, but is probably not a change of osmotic pressure or pH and is probably not due to anaerobic conditions or an enzyme. The agent causing germination is probably unstable and is destroyed when removed from the bee.3. The anterior end of the ventriculus receives an initial heavy infection and the circumstantial evidence which this provides supports the theory that a free living ‘planont’ stage does not exist but that the parasite is injected directly into the host cell from the spore via the hollow polar filament.4. The central region of the ventriculus which contains many granules of calcium phosphate receives the lowest initial infection. It is considered possible that the granules inhibit the initial rapid development of the parasite by maintaining an unfavourably high level of pH until they are eventually dissolved by the slowly developing organism.

scholarly journals Quick and efficient approach to develop genomic resources in orphan species: Application in Lavandula angustifolia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243853
Author(s):  
Berline Fopa Fomeju ◽  
Dominique Brunel ◽  
Aurélie Bérard ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Rivoal ◽  
Philippe Gallois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Lavandula Angustifolia ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Alternative Medicines ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Snp Development ◽  
High Level

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, by reducing the cost and increasing the throughput of sequencing, have opened doors to generate genomic data in a range of previously poorly studied species. In this study, we propose a method for the rapid development of a large-scale molecular resources for orphan species. We studied as an example the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), a perennial sub-shrub plant native from the Mediterranean region and whose essential oil have numerous applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and alternative medicines. The heterozygous clone “Maillette” was used as a reference for DNA and RNA sequencing. We first built a reference Unigene, compound of coding sequences, thanks to de novo RNA-seq assembly. Then, we reconstructed the complete genes sequences (with introns and exons) using an Unigene-guided DNA-seq assembly approach. This aimed to maximize the possibilities of finding polymorphism between genetically close individuals despite the lack of a reference genome. Finally, we used these resources for SNP mining within a collection of 16 commercial lavender clones and tested the SNP within the scope of a genetic distance analysis. We obtained a cleaned reference of 8, 030 functionally in silico annotated genes. We found 359K polymorphic sites and observed a high SNP frequency (mean of 1 SNP per 90 bp) and a high level of heterozygosity (more than 60% of heterozygous SNP per genotype). On overall, we found similar genetic distances between pairs of clones, which is probably related to the out-crossing nature of the species and the restricted area of cultivation. The proposed method is transferable to other orphan species, requires little bioinformatics resources and can be realized within a year. This is also the first reported large-scale SNP development on Lavandula angustifolia. All the genomics resources developed herein are publicly available and provide a rich pool of molecular resources to explore and exploit lavender genetic diversity in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Transnational crime: features and basic models

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
О. V. Tkachova
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Ethnic Network ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Criminal Groups

The study found that the features of modern transnational organized crime are: rapid adaptation to realities, instant response to changes and transformations in life and economy, the ability to improve and adjust the methods and tools used in activities; coordination; rationality; thoughtfulness and systematic actions; systematization; the desire to minimize potential risks and get the most profit and maximum profits. Such models of transnational organized crime as: corporate, trade unions, partnerships, ethnic, network are considered. Modern transnational criminal groups, regardless of model, have been shown to be “well-concealed, well-off criminal communities with a well-defined internal structure, distribution of spheres of influence and functions, and extensive interregional or international ties. It is emphasized that now transnational crime is turning into cybercrime. This is made possible by the fact that it is easier to hide criminal activity on the Internet, anonymity is ensured, and it is possible to act uncontrollably, which, in turn, guarantees security for criminal activity

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document