scholarly journals Orthodox military clergy in World War I

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Priest Georgii Bezik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of military priests during World War I. The starting points are the assertions that with the arrival of Christianity on the territory of Russia, the state power received a powerful tool of patriotic education, motivation and stimulation for the processes of defending a civil position during hostilities during various years in opposition to an external enemy, a mechanism for calling not only military intelligentsia, but also ordinary citizens and ordinary soldiers to fight for the Motherland, family, and Russian land. However, today among modern researchers there is no single point of view regarding the role of military clergy in World War I, and the opinions of researchers about the importance of the military clergy in this historical period differ dramatically. On the basis of the analysis, it was found that the participation of the military clergy in the context of World War I had both positive and negative factors of influence on maintaining the fighting spirit, patriotic mood, dedication and desire to protect the Motherland at all costs among members of the army of the Russian Empire. Despite the presence of a complex of negative tendencies in the influence of the clergy during World War I, which was due to a combination of additional external and internal factors of the disintegration of the institution of the clergy at that time, one cannot deny the invaluable contribution of the military clergy to Russia’s achievements in World War I.

Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Vadim Mikhailov ◽  
Konstantin Losev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Church Policy

The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.

Antecedents

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ayako Bennette
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
German Society ◽  
World War ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Military ◽  
Broad Overview

This chapter gives a broad overview of developments within the main areas of psychiatry, the military, and pacifism and provides the necessary background to understand the conditions prevailing in Germany leading up to 1914. It highlights the rising fortunes and expanding purview of psychiatry in the decades before World War I and references the limits of describing the trends as medicalization. It also explores the general prestige of the military and the role of pacifism in imperial German society. The chapter looks at August Fauser and Erwin Ackerknecht's estimations of psychiatry around 1900, which inhabited opposite ends of the opinion spectrum. It analyses attitudes toward the insane that had been lumped with the larger category of the poor over the nineteenth century.

The British Cabinet and the Anglo-French Staff Talks, 1905–1914: Who Knew What and When Did He Know It?

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Coogan ◽  
Peter F. Coogan
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
French Military ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The role of the British cabinet in the Anglo-French military conversations prior to the First World War has been and remains controversial. The acrimonious debate within the government during November 1911 seems linked inextricably to the flood of angry memoirs that followed August 1914 and to the continuing historical debate over the actions and motivations of the various ministers involved. Two generations of researchers now have examined an enormous body of evidence, yet the leading modern scholars continue to publish accounts that differ on the most basic questions. Historians have proved no more able than the ministers themselves were to reconcile the contradictory statements of honorable men. The persistence of these differences in historical literature demonstrates both the continuing confusion over the cabinet's role in the military conversations and the need for a renewed effort to resolve this confusion.The starting point for any discussion of the staff talks must be the recognition that the meaning of the term changed significantly over the nine years before the outbreak of World War I. The contacts began with a series of informal discussions between senior British and French officers during 1905. The first systematic conversations took place early in January 1906 under the authority of Lord Esher, a permanent member of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID), and Sir George Clarke, the CID secretary. Later in that month a small group of ministers, including Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, sanctioned formal, ongoing exchanges between the two general staffs.

scholarly journals ON THE ROLE OF THE SYMBOLIC DIMENSION OF THE HISTORICAL PROCESS: READING A BOOK BY MALTE ROLLEF ON POLISH LANDS UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF ST. PETERSBURG

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
I. V. Narskiy ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article combines a review of the Russian translation of Malte Rolf's study on the interaction between the Russian administrative apparatus and the Polish population during the "long 19th century" with a reflection on the importance of investigating the symbolic perception and behaviour of historical actors to interpret ethnic conflicts. The book successfully set and solved the task of using Polish-Russian material to show how the Russian Empire functioned between the Congress of Vienna and the beginning of World War I. Rolf succeeded in convincingly demonstrating that the mutual distrust of tsarist officials and the Polish population did not exclude mutual interest and constructive interaction. The author criticizes the widespread clichés about the permanent conflict between the "reactionary" state and the "progressive" society both in imperial Russia as a whole and – especially – in western provinces. The attention to the symbolic component of the Polish-Russian conflict allowed the author to plastically switch the perspective of research and representation between macro- and micro-historical approaches, to understand the optics of the vision of the own and the foreign, and the logic of the actions and interactions of the parties of the community in conflict. Communication between Tsarist officials, Polish society and the Russian diaspora, as persuasively demonstrated by the German historian, provided a complex learning process for all its participants, in which some stereotypical ideas about each other were reinforced, others were modified, others became outdated and went out of the political, social and symbolic practice.

scholarly journals Improvement of the educational process in the Land Gentry Cadet Corps in the second half of the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Benda
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military

The purpose of the research is to analyse the experience of organising the educational process and daily life of the Land Gentry Cadet Corps of the Russian Empire. The article deals with the issues related to the definition of the role of Land Gentry Cadet Corps, which it played in the training of command personnel (officers and non-commissioned officers) for the Russian army and in the development of the military school of the Russian state during this period. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the approach to the study of the educational process in the cadet corps from the point of view of accounting and use of their experience to being in connection with the revival and development of specialised aircraft, artillery and other military schools in modern Russia. Based on the studied archival and other sources, the author focuses on the role of heads of military educational institutions in instilling high moral qualities and professional knowledge in cadets. Some previously unpublished archival sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

scholarly journals On the Pathway to Independence: The Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front (1917)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Silviu-Marian Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

When the World War I began Lithuania was on the vanguards of the military operations. Around 60,000 Lithuanians were recruited in the Russian Army and employed on the operational fronts of the war. However, they were not blind performers of Tsarist ambitions, but, as The Amber Declaration showed, nurtured political ambitions of their own. The document issued on 4/17 August 1914 was signed, inter alia, by the patriarch of national credo, Jonas Basanavičius , and clearly affirmed the Lithuanian ideals, i.e. the aim of unifying Lithuania with Lithuania Minor then in German hands and the awarding of an autonomous status to a united Lithuania within the Russian Empire. This article tackles an enticing moment in the process of national rebirth, the Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front held in Bender (Tighina), in southern Bessarabia, on 1-3 November 1917, calling for the creation of a Lithuanian national state. How this congress and the proclamation it issued fitted into the general frame of self-determination movements and Lithuanian national revival of 1917-1918, which led to the rebirth of the Lithuanian state? Who were the conveners and the participants to this congress? What arguments did they put forward in their national-building claims? What role did it play on the pathway to Lithuanian independence? Overlooked in most of the Lithuanian historical treatises, the Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front in Bender City had in fact of greater significance than it allows to be understood when counting solely the relatively lower visibility of its leaders or the direct institutional lineage to the proclamation of independence.

From the Outbreak of War in July 1914 to the Genoa Conference, 1922

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker R. Berghahn
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
The State ◽  
Business Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
European Economies ◽  
The Military ◽  
American Economy

This chapter examines the state of American and European economies during the outbreak of World War I until the Genoa Conference was convened in 1922. It first considers the military–political origins of the war before analyzing the role the international business community played at the time of the war's outbreak. Hereafter the chapter focuses on the American perspectives, as it studies the ambiguities of American neutrality, the state of the American economy and its eventual entry into the war, and the beginnings of a strain on the Anglo-American relationship at the Paris Peace Conference. The chapter then returns the focus to the international stage as postwar reconstruction begins, highlighting the attempts at European recovery and the role of American businesses in these endeavors.

scholarly journals One Nation, Three Faiths: World War I and the Shaping of “Protestant-Catholic-Jewish” America

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mislin
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
World War ◽  
American Civil Religion ◽  
Faith Traditions ◽  
National Life ◽  
Military Chaplaincy ◽  
The Military

During World War I, American political, military, and religious leaders sought to foster the view that protestants, Catholics, and Jews were equal stakeholders in society. Crucial in shaping the embrace of this “tri-faith” ideal were leading members of all three traditions, who used their connections to the federal government to ensure that many facets of national life reflected this new conception of the nation's religious character. The military chaplaincy put these ideals into practice, and interfaith activity became commonplace in the army. Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish chaplains worked closely together, and provided pastoral care or offered religious rites to wounded and dying soldiers from different faith traditions. This article examines how the wartime break from political and social normality, the desire to project a particular image of the nation abroad, and Americans' firsthand encounter with religion in Europe all contributed to idealizations of the inclusive nature of American civil religion during World War I. Yet, as this essay demonstrates, the transitional nature of wartime culture and the strong role of the federal government in fostering these values prevented this outlook from firmly taking root. The experience did, however, provide a critical precedent for subsequent idealizations of a protestant-Catholic-Jewish nation.

Mortality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, II: Military Populations

War Epidemics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Smallman-Raynor ◽  
Andrew Cliff
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
World War ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
The Military

In the previous chapter, we looked at the main trends in morbidity and mortality in civil populations since 1850. In this chapter our focus shifts to the military. An invaluable recent source of information on this topic is Lancaster (1990: 314–40) who gives a disease-by-disease account of morbidity and mortality among soldiers from the seventeenth century. Until the twentieth century, soldiers were lucky to survive military medicine. Basic treatments included the cauterizing of wounds and the removal of limbs to prevent gangrene. The biggest early advances in military medicine came when doctors started to wash their hands. The role of Florence Nightingale in transforming the military hospitals during the Crimean War (1853–6), and her broader role in improving the welfare of the British Army, is legendary. Yet, notwithstanding the gigantic losses directly attributable to battle, up to World War I, most deaths in war among soldiers were caused by epidemic diseases like dysentery, enteric fever, cholera, typhus, plague, and simple infections like measles—the traditional killers encountered in civil populations. And, as with civil populations, the real advances in controlling these infections came with the development of antibiotics and vaccination after 1945. In this chapter, we begin by looking at mortality trends in a number of theatres of war between 1859 and 1914 using data from Curtin (1989). As a specific illustration of the role of one simple infectious disease, measles, as a cause of mortality in military camps during this period, we take the American Civil War (1861–5). By the end of World War I in 1918, the role of many infectious diseases as causes of military mortality and morbidity had changed from lethal to nuisance value. This shift is shown through an examination of the role of measles in World War I. After 1945, the use of antibiotics and the generalized availability of vaccination against most of the common infectious diseases ensured that the historic infectious diseases waned in their impact on military populations just as they did in civil populations. Again we use measles and the American army as examples to show these declining effects.

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