scholarly journals Effect of natural rainfall on the migration characteristics of runoff and sediment on purple soil sloping cropland during different planting stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Jiupai Ni ◽  
Chengsheng Ni ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Deti Xie
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Purple Soil ◽  
Torrential Rain ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Rain Events

Abstract Due to the difficulty in monitoring subsurface runoff and sediment migration, their loss loads are still not clear and need further study. This study monitored water and soil loss occurring within experimental field plots for two calendar years under natural rainfall events. The sediment loss load was quantified by considering the corresponding water flow flux and its sediment concentration. The results showed that 60.04% of the runoff and 2.83% of the sediment were lost underground. The annual underground sediment loss reached up to 54.6 kg*ha−1*yr−1. A total of 69.68% of the runoff yield and 67.25% of the sediment yield were produced during the corn planting stage (CPS: March–July). Heavy rain and torrential rain events produced 94.45%, 65.46% of the annual runoff and 94.45%, 76.21% of the sediment yields during the corn-planting stage and summer fallow period (SFP: August–September). The rain frequency, rainfall, and rainfall duration of each planting stage significantly affected the resulting runoff and sediment yield. Measures aimed at the prevention and control of water-soil loss from purple soil sloping land should heavily focus on torrential rain and heavy rain events during the CPS and SFP. This paper aims to provide a practical reference for quantifying the water and soil loss from purple soil sloping cropland.

scholarly journals Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds to Sediment Yield and Evaluation of Best Management Practices in Highland Ethiopia, Finchaa Catchment

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Wakjira Takala Dibaba ◽  
Tamene Adugna Demissie ◽  
Konrad Miegel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Soil And Water

Excessive soil loss and sediment yield in the highlands of Ethiopia are the primary factors that accelerate the decline of land productivity, water resources, operation and function of existing water infrastructure, as well as soil and water management practices. This study was conducted at Finchaa catchment in the Upper Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia to estimate the rate of soil erosion and sediment loss and prioritize the most sensitive sub-watersheds using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using the observed streamflow and sediment data. The average annual sediment yield (SY) in Finchaa catchment for the period 1990–2015 was 36.47 ton ha−1 yr−1 with the annual yield varying from negligible to about 107.2 ton ha−1 yr−1. Five sub-basins which account for about 24.83% of the area were predicted to suffer severely from soil erosion risks, with SY in excess of 50 ton ha−1 yr−1. Only 15.05% of the area within the tolerable rate of loss (below 11 ton ha−1yr−1) was considered as the least prioritized areas for maintenance of crop production. Despite the reasonable reduction of sediment yields by the management scenarios, the reduction by contour farming, slope terracing, zero free grazing and reforestation were still above the tolerable soil loss. Vegetative contour strips and soil bund were significant in reducing SY below the tolerable soil loss, which is equivalent to 63.9% and 64.8% reduction, respectively. In general, effective and sustainable soil erosion management requires not only prioritizations of the erosion hotspots but also prioritizations of the most effective management practices. We believe that the results provided new and updated insights that enable a proactive approach to preserve the soil and reduce land degradation risks that could allow resource regeneration.

Runoff and sediment yield from snowmelt and rainfall as influenced by forage type and grazing intensity

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Gill ◽  
M. A. Naeth ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
V. S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Grazing Intensities ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Runoff And Sediment Yield

Currently, there is interest in Western Canada in extending the grazing season using perennial and annual forages. Of greatest concern is the environmental sustainability of these grazing systems, with emphasis on their ability to withstand erosion. A study to examine the runoff and sediment yields of annual and perennial forages in central Alberta was initiated in 1994. Runoff and sediment yield were quantified under snowmelt and rainfall events for two seasons. Rainfall simulation was used to further examine runoff under growing season conditions. Four forage treatments (two annuals: triticale and a barley/triticale mixture and two perennials: smooth bromegrass and meadow bromegrass) and three grazing intensities (light, medium and heavy) were studied, each replicated four times. Total annual runoff was dominated by snowmelt. Generally runoff volumes, sediment yields, sediment ratios and runoff coefficients were all low. Bare ground increased with increasing grazing intensity and was significantly greater in annuals than perennials for all grazing intensities. Litter biomass decreased with increasing grazing intensity and was generally similar in all species for both years at heavy and medium grazing intensities. Results from the rainfall simulation corroborated those under natural rainfall conditions and generally indicated the sustainability of these grazing systems at this site. Key words: Forages, soil erosion, sustainability, rainfall simulation

scholarly journals Sediment Load and Suspended Sediment Concentration Prediction

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bečvář Martin
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
River Basins ◽  
River Systems ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
Annual Sediment

Sediment is a natural component of riverine environments and its presence in river systems is essential. However, in many ways and many places river systems and the landscape have been strongly affected by human activities which have destroyed naturally balanced sediment supply and sediment transport within catchments. As a consequence a number of severe environmental problems and failures have been identified, in particular the link between sediments and chemicals is crucial and has become a subject of major scientific interest. Sediment load and sediment concentration are therefore highly important variables that may play a key role in environment quality assessment and help to evaluate the extent of potential adverse impacts. This paper introduces a methodology to predict sediment loads and suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in large European river basins. The methodology was developed within an MSc research study that was conducted in order to improve sediment modelling in the GREAT-ER point source pollution river modelling package. Currently GREAT-ER uses suspended sediment concentration of 15 mg/l for all rivers in Europe which is an obvious oversimplification. The basic principle of the methodology to predict sediment concentration is to estimate annual sediment load at the point of interest and the amount of water that transports it. The amount of transported material is then redistributed in that corresponding water volume (using the flow characteristic) which determines sediment concentrations. Across the continent, 44 river basins belonging to major European rivers were investigated. Suspended sediment concentration data were collected from various European basins in order to obtain observed sediment yields. These were then compared against the traditional empiric sediment yield estimators. Three good approaches for sediment yield prediction were introduced based on the comparison. The three approaches were applied to predict annual sediment yields which were consequently translated into suspended sediment concentrations. SSC were predicted at 47 locations widely distributed around Europe. The verification of the methodology was carried out using data from the Czech Republic. Observed SSC were compared against the predicted ones which validated the methodology for SSC prediction.

Calibration and validation of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: A case study in Khun Satan catchment of Northern Thailand

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pongsai ◽  
D. Schmidt Vogt ◽  
R.P. Shrestha ◽  
R.S. Clemente ◽  
A. Eiumnoh
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Universal Soil Loss Equation ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Calibration And Validation ◽  
S Factor ◽  
Soil Loss Equation

In this study, model testing, calibration, and validation of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) model were carried out in Khun Satan catchment, Thailand, for the estimation of sediment yield in plots of different slopes using the S factor from the classic Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the McCool model, as the calibration parameter. In situ experimental plots were established with five different inclinations (9, 16, 25, 30, and 35%), with the other model parameters (e.g., erodibility, conservation practice, etc) being treated as constants. Sediment yields were recorded from 27 rainfall events between July and October 2003. It was found that both the classic USLE and the McCool models over-estimated sediment yields at all slope angles. However, the classic USLE produced a smaller relative error (RE) than the McCool model at plots with slopes of 9 and 16%, while the McCool model performed better at plots with slopes over 16% inclination. The calibration of the model using the S factor was then made for two slope range intervals, and the slope algorithm was later modified. The calibrated S factors were used in the prototype model for slope ranges of 9 to 16% using classic USLE and for slopes from 16 to 35% using the McCool model. The results revealed that an acceptable accuracy can be obtained through model calibration. The model validation based on paired t-test, on the other hand, showed that there was no difference (α = 0.05) between measured and estimated sediment yield using both models. This result indicates that if data on various slope gradients are limited, MUSLE needs to be calibrated before application, especially with respect to topographic factors, in order to obtain an accurate estimate of the sediment yield from individual rainfall events.

scholarly journals Evaluating and developing a model of specific degradation using geospatial analysis for sediment erosion management in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woochul Kang ◽  
Pierre Y. Julien
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Sediment Delivery ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Specific Degradation

Abstract. The South Korean Peninsula is subject to hydrological extremes, and 70 % of its terrain is mountainous, with sharp ridges and steep valley flanks. Recently, rapid urbanization has created an emerging demand for large-scale water resources, such as dams and reservoirs. Accordingly, complicated sediment-related problems have become an issue, with abundant soil loss during typhoons transported to the reservoirs, and downstream, riverbed degradation is caused by intercepting sediment. Thus, a reliable approach is required for predicting sediment yields of soil erosion and sedimentation. In this study, the specific degradation (SD) of 62 stream-river watersheds and 14 reservoir watersheds were calculated from field measurements of sediment concentration and deposition. Estimated SD ranged between 10 and 1,500 tons·km−2·yr−1. Furthermore, existing empirical models of sediment yield are insufficient for predicting specific degradation upstream of the reservoirs; therefore, a new model was developed based on multiple regression analysis and model tree data mining of 47 watersheds (~75 % national land cover). Accuracy of the developed model was enhanced with the following significant parameters: (1) drainage area, (2) mean annual precipitation, (3) percent urbanized area, (4) percent water, (5) percent wetland and water, (6) percent sand at effective soil depths of 0–10 cm, (7) slope of the hypsometric curve, and (8) watershed minimum elevation. Additionally, erosion maps from the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) were generated to validate model variables and further understand the sediment regime in South Korea. The gross erosion results for 16 ungauged watersheds were used to validate the empirical model by comparing sediment delivery ratios of other references. The modeled meaningful parameters were examined via remote sensing analyses of satellite and aerial imagery and revealed the features affecting erosion and sedimentation with an erosion loss map at 5-m resolution. Vulnerable areas of soil loss, including construction sites, and croplands, as well as sedimentation features, such as wetlands and agricultural reservoirs, were highlighted.

scholarly journals Effect Of Rice Straw Mulch on Surface Runoff and Soil Loss in Agricultural Land Under Simulated Rainfall

2021 ◽  
Vol 930 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
R Haribowo ◽  
R Asmaranto ◽  
L T W N Kusuma ◽  
B G Amrina
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

Abstract Installation of mulch on agricultural land, besides reducing weed growth, can also protect the soil surface from rain and erosion. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of rice straw mulch in reducing surface runoff and soil loss before entering the river. The experimental soil materials were similar to those in Sumber Brantas village, Bumiaji Sub-District, Batu. Runoff modelling utilized the Armfield S12 Rainfall Simulator - Advanced Environmental Hydrology System, with rainfall of 1 and 1.7 l/min. Land with rice straw mulch was compared to land without mulch. The land slope was adjusted to study area conditions, with mild (9%) and steep (15%) slopes. The three-Way ANOVA method was utilized for statistical analysis. In all the experimental runs, it was found that straw mulch effectively reduced the sediment yields that could enter the river area by more than 50%. The results of ANOVA analysis on sediment yield also showed that the significance value of the interactions between slope, rain intensity, and mulch usage was 0 (p<0.05). These results show that the difference in variations in these three factors determines the sediment yield that occurs. In the future, comparing straw mulch with other materials to cover agricultural land should be conducted.

scholarly journals Long Term Trends of Hydrology, Sediment Yield and Crop Productivity in Andit Tid Watershed Central Highlands of Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayele Desalegn ◽  
Tilahun Getachew ◽  
Temesgen Yilma ◽  
Tilashwork Chanie
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract Background: Previously in Ethiopia reliable climatic and hydro-meteorological data are not available and not maintained properly but the long-term database is needed for the assessment and planning of resource dynamics. To minimize the lack of reliable database, the Soil Conservation Research Program (SCRP) established observatory model watersheds since 1981. Andit tid watershed is one of these watersheds established for monitoring the long term trends of climatic, hydrologic, sediment loss and crop production system as a representative site for central high land parts of Ethiopia at 1982. This research paper compiles the analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of the rain fall; trends of run off and sediment loss and their relation and the influence of position of terraces on crop production. Result: From the rainfall trend analysis result the rainfall of the watershed has insignificant spatial (PCI=1.07) and temporal (CV=16.7%) variation. The precipitation coefficient (%) value of the watershed indicates that July and August have big rain with high concentration; September have big rain with moderate concentration and these three months could contribute more than one twelfth of total rainfall amount. The highest runoff and sediment yield were observed in August and July, while sediment concentration was generally high in June. All crops delivered statistically highest yield (P<0.05) immediately above bunds (zone a). Conclusion: The rainfall spatial and temporal distribution trend analysis results conclude that the watershed is not vulnerable for future drought. The highest sediment concentration occurred in June was because of the reason that the lands are plowed and prepared for crop growth; following this small rainfall can carry much soil and can contribute for high suspended sediment concentration. The highest grain yield obtained from above bunds is because of the trapped and accumulated soil and plant nutrient could contribute for better performance and production of crops. To obtain better crop yield; to minimize sediment loss and improve the stream flow it is better to maintain the existed soil and water conservation structures and apply the new interventions.

scholarly journals Tillage Impacts on Initial Soil Erosion in Wheat and Sainfoin Fields under Simulated Extreme Rainfall Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Tugrul Yakupoglu ◽  
Recep Gundogan ◽  
Turgay Dindaroglu ◽  
Kadir Kusvuran ◽  
Veysel Gokmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Water Losses

The main aim of this research was to determine the potential effects of different tillage systems (TT: traditional tillage and RT: reduced tillage) on runoff and erosion at two different locations (Kahramanmaras and Tarsus, Southern Turkey) under (i) fallow, (ii) wheat (Triticumaestivum L.), and (iii) sainfoin (Onobrychissativa L.) crops. Rainfall simulations with intensity of 120 mm h−1 and 30-min duration, representing a typical extreme thunderstorm in this area, were used. We quantified the elapsed time to runoff generation (ET), total runoff volume (R), soil loss (SL), sediment concentration (SC), and runoff coefficient (RC). At both locations, the fallow plots indicated the first runoff response ranging between 1.2 and 3.1 min, while the range was between 9.4 and 8.9 min for the sainfoin plots. The highest runoff coefficient was recorded for the fallow parcel in Tarsus (57.7%), and the lowest runoff coefficient was recorded for the sainfoin parcel in Kahramanmaras (4%). For both study sites, the fallow plots showed higher soil erosion rates (871 and 29.21 g m−2) compared with the wheat plots (307 and 11.25 g m−2), while sainfoin recorded the lowest soil losses (93.68 and 3.45 g m−2), for Tarsus and Kahramanmaras, respectively. Runoff and sediment yield generated from sainfoin and wheat parcels under the RT system were less than under the TT system at the Kahramanmaras location. At the Tarsus location, the effect of soil tillage on soil and water losses was insignificant on the sainfoin planted plots. The reduced tillage system was successful in reducing sediment yield and runoff generated from parcels growing wheat and sainfoin compared to traditional tillage in Tarsus location, but runoff and soil loss were found to be very high compared to parcels constructed in the Kahramanmaras location.

scholarly journals Glacier thermal regime and suspended-sediment yield: a comparison of two high-Arctic glaciers

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Hodson ◽  
M. Tranter ◽  
J. A. Dowdeswell ◽  
A. M. Gurnell ◽  
J. O. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Suspended Sediment Yield ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

This paper compares estimates of suspended-sediment yield and discharge from two glacier basins in Svalhard exhibiting contrasting glacial thermal regimes: Austre Brøggerbreen (~12 km2), which is almost entirely cold-based, and Finsterwalderbreen (~44 km2), dominated by warm basal ice. There are marked differences in the magnitude and temporal pattern of mean daily discharge and mean daily suspended-sediment concentration from the two glacier basins. Specific suspended-sediment yields from Finsterwalderbreen (710–2900 t km−2 a−1) were more than one order of magnitude greater than at Austre Brøggerbreen (81–110 t km−2 a−1). These differences are ascribed to the influence of thermal regime upon the meltwater drainage system and the predominant sources of suspended sediment. The potential significance of glacier thermal regime is further explored using studies from other glacier basins in Svalbard. Variations in thermal regime resulting from mass-balance adjustments since the termination of the Little Ice Age are also examined.

scholarly journals Soil Erosian and Sediment Yield of a Sanitary Landfill Site - A Case Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Oon Y.W. ◽  
Chin N.J. ◽  
Law P.L.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Universal Soil Loss Equation ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Loss Equation

 This research presents the results of a study on soil erosion rates and sediment yields of a proposed Level 4 Sanitary Landfill construction site located in Sibu, Sarawak. Assessments on potential soil erosion rates and sediment yields during pre-construction, construction and operation stages were carried out using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), respectively. It was found that soil erosion rates during construction and operation stages fell under "Moderately High" category, whereby highest sediment yield occurred during construction and operation stages. Comparative analysis on with and without Best Management Practices (BMPs) during construction stage demonstrated that BMPs could significantly reduce the rate of soil erosion, and thus sediment yields.

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