scholarly journals Sponge city construction in China: policy and implementation experiences

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyao Xiang ◽  
Jiahong Liu ◽  
Weiwei Shao ◽  
Chao Mei ◽  
Jinjun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
City Construction

Abstract To deal with the three universal urban water problems – namely storm floods, water pollution and water shortage – China has implemented a comprehensive solution: the Sponge City Construction Project. Sponge cities aim to reduce runoff and pollution, and also to restore downstream ecologies. They combine low impact development methods with grey infrastructures, large-scale flood control projects and rehabilitation. This paper describes Chinese experiences of construction and financing for implementation of sponge cities, which could provide references to other countries for building sustainable, climate-resilient cities and urban water management systems. It illustrates the objectives and methods of the sponge city design and demonstrates the differences in configuration and funding structures in cities of different climates and economic conditions. The total construction area involved in the pilot cities covers 449 km2. The configurations are distinct due to different economic conditions, climates and land forms: a humid district inclines to drainage-efficient approaches and pollution control devices, while a semi-humid district prefers green infrastructures and rainwater reuse facilities. The Chinese government plays an important role in the funding of sponge cities: Chinese central government provided CNY (¥)20.7 billion for the construction of 16 cities during 2015–2017, while the rest came from local governments and non-governmental investors.

scholarly journals Creating Urban Water Resilience: Review of China’s Development Strategies “Sponge City” Concept and Practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Roosmayri Lovina Hermaputi ◽  
Chen Hua
Keyword(s):  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
City Construction ◽  
China’S Cities

These years China's cities faced urban water security problem caused by natural disaster, man-made disaster, and water shortage. Back to the year 2002 until 2015 several cases were raised such as 2002 Guizhou Duyun slag water pollution, 2014 Lanzhou water benzene poisoning cases and the Han River Excessive Ammonia Pollution in Wuhan, Gansu Hui County blood cadmium poisoning cases. Meanwhile, a rainstorm hit Guangzhou in May 2010, Nanjing rainstorm 7.18, and recently Beijing 7.21 big rainstorm who killed about 79 people and Changsha 4.7 big flood in 2015. The "Sponge City" is the answer for China's water issues. Recorded In October 2013 Professor Lin Bingzhang recommend to build a "sponge city" as storm events and flood mitigation action, then in December, Secretary-General Xi Jinping at the central work conference on urbanisation talked about building a natural reservoir, natural infiltration, natural purification "sponge city." Followed the initiative, "Sponge City Construction Technology Guide - Low Impact Development Storm water system builders" had been released in 2014, project financing policy "Finance Building [2014] No. 838" has been established and until the year 2016, 30 cities has been chosen as sponge city urban construction pilot. The sponge city initiative aims to maximise water reservation and minimise the effects of drought and flooding by recycling and efficiently applying water supplies and reserves (AUSTRADE, 2016). This paper tries to elaborate the Sponge City theory and review of several practices in China's cities to create urban water resilience. This research will conduct theory development analysis, sponge city construction's practices analysis and its performance to actualize urban water resilience.

An integrated urban stormwater model system supporting the whole life cycle of sponge city construction programs in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihu Deng ◽  
Xiaoyuan Zhang ◽  
Zhiyu Shao ◽  
Wentao Yan ◽  
Hongxiang Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Model System ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
City Construction ◽  
Whole Life Cycle ◽  
Stormwater System

Abstract The nationwide Sponge City Construction (SCC) program was launched by the Chinese government in 2014. There is a lack of an integrated model system to assist the efforts throughout all the SCC phases, including planning, design, construction, evaluation and maintenance stages. In this study, an integrated stormwater system named Uwater was developed based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, in which a comprehensive open-source urban stormwater runoff model called Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was embedded. The platform utilized the spatial data management tools in GIS to extract the discrete spatial information such as land use and vegetation cover condition to obtain the composite hydrologic parameters required in the SWMM simulations. The system also fully uses the visualization capabilities of GIS to assist visual design of the Low Impact Development (LID) facilities and Capital Improvement Projects frequently used in the SCC programs. Furthermore, it could be used to assess the drainage capacity of the stormwater system and the corresponding inundation limits for further optimization of the design plans. Finally, a study case using the platform was conducted to test and verify the reliability and applicability of the Uwater system. Results show that the Uwater platform has great strengths and potential to assist the whole life cycle in the SCC program.

scholarly journals Storm Water Management and Flood Control in Sponge City Construction of Beijing

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhan Zhang ◽  
Yongkun Li ◽  
Meihong Ma ◽  
Ting Song ◽  
Ruining Song
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Storm Water Management ◽  
City Construction ◽  
Urban Storm

To solve the problems of increasing local flooding, water shortage, and water pollution caused by the traditional model of urban development, the Chinese government proposed a new model of urban development—the Sponge City. In Beijing, the capital of China, research on storm water management in urban areas has been carried out since 1989 and has put forward the concept of urban storm water harvesting and flood control. The further research and demonstration application started in 2000. So far, a series of policies and technology standards on storm water management have been formulated, which promote the application of technologies on comprehensive urban storm water harvesting and flood control. A significant number of storm water harvesting and flood control projects have been built in Beijing, which are now playing important roles in runoff reduction, local flood control, non-point source pollution reduction, and storm water utilization. However, it does not solve the above problem completely. Storm water management and flood control needs to be further strengthened. The “Sponge City” is based on natural and ecological laws, which allows storm water to be managed with natural infiltration, natural retention and detention, and natural cleaning facilities. Through in-depth analysis of the connotation, characteristics, and construction path of “Sponge City”, this paper summarizes the status quo of urban rainwater flooding, flood control technology development and application, and Beijing policy and engineering to introduce the overall ideas and methods of Sponge City construction. All the above will provide a reference for cities with similar problems in the construction of sponge cities.

scholarly journals Implementing Water Policies in China: A Policy Cycle Analysis of the Sponge City Program Using Two Case Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liang ◽  
Yuqing Liang ◽  
Chong Chen ◽  
Meine Pieter van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Policy Cycle ◽  
Water Projects ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Private Sector Involvement

This study carries out an in-depth analysis of urban water policy implementation in China through a policy cycle analysis and case study of Sponge city program. The policy cycle analysis articulates discrete steps within the policy formulation and implementation process, while the case studies reflect the specific problems in water project implementation. Because of the principal–agent relation between central and local government, a ‘‘double wheel’’ policy cycle model is adopted to reflect the policy cycles at central level and at local level. Changde city and Zhuanghe city, two demo cities in the Sponge city program, are chosen for the analysis. The policy cycle analysis shows that the central government orders local government to implement policy without clear direction on how to attract private sector participation. The evaluation of central government did not include private sector involvement, nor the sustainability of the investments. This promotes the local government’s pursuit of project construction completion objectives, without seriously considering private sector involvement and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost. The local governments do not have political motivation and experiences to attract private investments into project implementation. The case study in the two demo cities shows that local government subsidies are the main source of O&M funding currently, which is not sustainable. The water projects are not financially feasible because no sufficient revenue is generated to cover the high initial investments and O&M cost. The lack of private sector involvement makes it difficult to maintain adequate funding in O&M, leading to the unsustainability of the water projects. It is not easy to achieve private sector involvement, but it could be the key to realizing urban water resilience in a more sustainable way.

Considerations on Relationship Between Central and Local Governments During Huge Disasters – Necessity and Application of Special Rules on Evacuation Measures and Relief –

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-519
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Murota ◽  
Fumio Takeda ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Nankai Trough ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Nuclear Disaster ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
National Emergency ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the Central and local governments during an emergency has been primarily discussed at the Diet, in connection with the Constitution’s amendment, including the emergency provisions. However, opinions from the various fields are divided and discussions are typically based on whether an emergency state should be tackled principally by the Central Government or municipalities. The increasing risk of a super wide-area disaster (huge disaster) that can be expressed as national emergency state, such as the Great Nankai Trough Earthquake and large-scale flood, makes it imperative for advancing the previously mentioned discussions. It should be examined whether a state of emergency state could be managed appropriately within the administrative framework of the municipalities based on the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act. In addition, necessary measures should be adopted within the purview of the existing laws apart from the discussions on the amendment of the Constitution. In this case, detailed discussions are needed on, for example, what kind of special rules should be established regarding the relationship between the Central and local governments. In this paper, the Great Nankai Trough Earthquake, large-scale flood in metropolitan areas, nuclear disaster, and complex disaster along with natural disaster are considered; the plans created by the Central Government in terms of the disaster prevention measures for such disasters are examined; and the items requiring special rules on the relationship between the Central and local governments are extracted from the disaster emergency measures. Furthermore, the per item application procedure of these special rules is also determined.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PORT OF BIAS MUNJUL IN TOURISM RECOVERY AT THE POST COVID-19

ASTONJADRO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
I Gede Wahyu Kusuma ◽  
Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra ◽  
Ni Made Yudantini
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Prime Condition

<p>Indonesia implements Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) which are enforced per region based on the severity of the outbreak and the assessment is determined by the central government through the Ministry of Health. Restrictions on activities for traveling have a great impact on areas that utilize the tourism industry. Restrictions on activities lead to a decline in the economy of the community, especially in areas that rely on the tourism industry. Infrastructure has an important role in efforts to recover the economy and tourism after the pandemic. The infrastructure used as the object of research is the project Port Munjul Bias, which is one of the ongoing port projects on Ceningan Island. The purpose of the study was to look at the strategy for developing the Port Bias Munjul in the post-Covid-19 pandemic recovery. The type of research used is qualitative research with descriptive data presentation. The approach used is a SWOT analysis to see the strategy for developing the Port Bias Munjul in the midst of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The results obtained are the construction of the Port Bias Munjul in prime condition (SO), which shows that the existence of the Port Bias Munjul project will play a very important role in the recovery of tourism and the economy in Nusa Ceningan or its surroundings. Strategies that can be carried out are in the form of cooperation between local governments and the private sector, empowerment of local communities and improvement of logistical support facilities.</p>

Project-Based State Intervention and Agrarian Change in Contemporary China: The Case of Rice Production in Pingwan County, Hunan

Rural China ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-333
Author(s):  
Weigang Gong ◽  
Burak Gürel
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Central Government ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Strong Control

This article analyzes the role of the state in the development of capitalist agriculture in contemporary China by focusing on the implementation of the central-government-sponsored National Grain Security Project and Agricultural Industrialization Project in Pingwan county of Hunan province since 2009. It demonstrates that by providing significant (formal and informal) subsidies and transferring large tracts of farmland to large farmers and agribusinesses, the Chinese government has made the capitalist transformation of rice production possible. We stress that in the absence of private property rights, the local governments’ strong control over farmland transactions makes it relatively easy to transfer large tracts quickly, helping agribusinesses and large farmers avoid significant transaction costs they would otherwise have to face under a system of private landownership. The article also shows that existing policies support the transfer of farmland in regions with favorable geographic and climatic conditions over other regions and therefore lack the capacity to significantly decrease regional inequalities.

EMPIRICAL EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A CHINESE LOCAL PERSPECTIVE

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650003 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOHONG HE ◽  
XI CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Active Region ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
The U.S

It is a common belief that entrepreneurship active regions tend to have better economic development. This paper aims to examine what changes have occurred on a region’s social, physical (e.g. air, water, soil or health that can affect human physical survival) and economic conditions during a large scale regional entrepreneurial development. Focusing on the entrepreneurially active region, Zhejiang Province of China, the study finds mixed results based on the published statistics by the Chinese Government and information from the U.S. satellite data during the 1980–2010 timeframe. The findings may have policy implications for China’s further progress, as well as for the progress of other developing countries.

Upgrading to urban water system 3.0 through sponge city construction

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanqi Ren ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Qiuru Wang ◽  
Hong Huang ◽  
Xiuheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Urban Water System ◽  
City Construction

scholarly journals Crisis Coordination and the Role of Social Media in Response to COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 698-705
Author(s):  
Yiran Li ◽  
Yanto Chandra ◽  
Naim Kapucu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
The Government ◽  
Use Of Social Media

The commentary addresses the government’s role in mitigating information asymmetry problems during pandemic crisis response. We use the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, as a case to show the use of social media as a key mechanism in shaping the actions of the central government in its coordination with the local governments during the pandemic response. The Chinese government effectively collaborated with a social media platform to not only create a dedicated channel to allow citizens to post information about the pandemic to accelerate the speed of relief but also mobilize citizens and nonprofit organizations to support government response and recovery efforts. This suggests that social media can provide a venue for the government to not only tackle the information overload but also mitigate the friction among levels of governments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document