Recycling of domestic wastewater treated by vertical-flow wetlands for watering of vegetables

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. A. A. N. Almuktar ◽  
M. Scholz ◽  
R. H. K. Al-Isawi ◽  
A. Sani
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Untreated Wastewater

The aim was to assess if domestic wastewater treated by different vertical-flow wetlands can be successfully recycled to water commercially grown crops. The growth of both Sweet Pepper (California Wonder; cultivar of Capsicum annuum Linnaeus Grossum Group) and Chilli (De Cayenne; Capsicum annuum (Linnaeus) Longum Group 'De Cayenne') fed with different treated and untreated wastewater types were assessed. The overall growth development of Sweet Peppers was poor due to the high concentrations of nutrients and trace minerals. In contrast, chilies did reasonably well but the growth of foliage was excessive and the harvest was delayed. High yields were associated with tap water and an organic growth medium, and a wetland with a high aggregate size, leaving sufficient space for biomass. Low fruit numbers correlated well with inorganic growth media and irrigation water contaminated by hydrocarbons. Findings indicate that nutrient concentrations supplied to the Chillies by a combination of compost and treated waste water are usually too high to produce a good harvest. However, as the compost is depleted of nutrients after about 8 months, the harvest increased for pots that received pre-treated wastewater. Findings will lead to a better understanding of the effects of different wetland treatment processes.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VETIVER GRASS AS A PHYTOREMEDIATOR PLANT IN DOMESTIC GREYWATER TREATMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Jovita Tri Astuti ◽  
Lies Sriwuryandari
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Vetiver Grass ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Living Organisms

Source separation of domestic wastewater into greywater (GW) and blackwater (BW) streams is important in decentralizing treatment due to its different characteristics. GW is generated from bathroom, washing machine,kitchen sink, and vehicle washing. Meanwhile, BW is produced from toilet, urinal or bidet. In developing countries, untreated wastewater is widely used in agricultural and risk to human health and living organisms. The appropriate treatment is required to prevent water degradation. Phytoremediation is a sustainable way to mitigate pollution with using plant. This study was conducted to observe the characteristics of vetiver grass as phytoremediator for GW. There are two factors of treatment. First is growth media (M), i.e. tap water (TW) as control (M0) and GW (M1). The second is vetiver (V), i.e. without (V0) as control and with planting (V1). Three glass aquariums are used for each treatment as replicates. Eight individual stem bases of vetiver were placed at aquarium and allowed hydroponically growing. At harvesting (49th day), vegetative organs were collected and observed separately, i.e. root, stem and leaf. Pollutant removal was calculated by comparing the content before and after treatment of media with vetiver. Cultivation of vetiver in GW (M1V1) could increase the root number, total root length, and total root diameter as much as 54%, 92.2%, and 51%, respectively. Individual root length was in the range of 2.3-78.5cm and root diameter was 0.35-2.10mm. Compared to the initial, stem number increased 99%, while leaf number increased 4 times. Root/Shoot (R/S) ratio was 0.80±0.14. Polutant removal of GW by vetiver achieved 72.86% BOD5; 65.51% COD; 66.55% TN; 67.67% TP; 80.77% Fe; 71.43% Zn; 60% Pb; 65.81% detergent, and 100% phenol. Vetiver could reduced TPC 29.13%, MPN coliform 78.18%, and MPN fecal coli 91.54%. After treated with vetiver, GW complied to criteria of water Class IV that can used for irrigation in agricultural.

scholarly journals The effect of sub-irrigation with untreated and treated municipal wastewater on organic matter and Nitrogen content on two soil types

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Total N ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Zone Ii

<p>In order to study the chemical parameters of the soil after sub-irrigation with wastewater, a system was installed in one of the greenhouses of the Agricultural University of Athens. Wastewater was applied subsurface into the soil mass of the pots were used. Three treatments were used: Untreated wastewater (U), Treated wastewater (T) and tap water (W) as control. Two different types were used: Soil (a) characterized as Sandy loam and soil (b) characterized as Loamy sand. Moreover, in order to investigate the change of total Nitrogen and organic matter concentrations at the point where the emitter was placed, the soil mass was divided into two zones. The upper (zone I) and the lower one (zone II). The total nitrogen content, ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrogen nitrate (NO3-N) and the percentage of organic matter, were determined in the soil samples. Statistically significant differences (p &lt;0, 05) were observed in the organic matter and the total N%, only for soil (b). For soil (a), organic matter percentage was increased in zone (I) (irrigation with treated wastewater at 20 cm depth). For soil (b), total N% was increased in zone (I), while nitrate and ammonium were increased in zone (II) (irrigation with untreated wastewater at 20 cm depth).</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Fertigation with Untreated and Treated Leachates from Municipal Solid Waste on the Microelement Status and Biometric Parameters of Viola × wittrockiana

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Blanca María Plaza ◽  
Giulia Carmassi ◽  
Cecilia Diara ◽  
Alberto Pardossi ◽  
María Teresa Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Untreated Wastewater

Landfill leachate can release pollutants into the environment. Nevertheless, it can be treated using a phytodepuration system via constructed wetlands to reduce contaminants. Moreover, this leachate can also increase the availability of macro and micronutrients in soil and water. In this trial, the reuse of untreated and treated wastewater from municipal solid waste (MSW) for fertigation was assessed. Plantlets of Viola × wittrockiana (pansy) were grown in a greenhouse and five fertigation treatments were applied: W9.0 (pure wastewater, EC 9.0 dS m−1), W4.5 (diluted wastewater, EC 4.5 dS m−1), DW4.5 (depurated wastewater, EC 4.5 dS m−1), PW4.5 (phytodepurated wastewater, EC 4.5 dS m−1), and T (tap water, control, EC 1.5 dS m−1). The treatment with untreated wastewater had a negative effect on plant dry weight, leaf size, specific leaf area, water content, and the number of closed and open flowers, due to the high concentration of SO42− in the fertigation water. It also reduced the content of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn with respect to the control, because of the dry biomass diminution. Conversely, fertigation with phytodepurated wastewater enhanced root and shoot dry weight, water content, and the number of closed and open flowers. Cu and Mn contents in flowers surpassed the content detected in plants fertigated with untreated leachates. These findings demonstrate that phytodepurated wastewater obtained from MSW can be employed for the fertigation of this species.

scholarly journals Electrical Conductivity, pH and other soil chemical parameters after sub-irrigation with untreated and treated municipal wastewater in two different soils.

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Zone Ii ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Soil Chemical Parameters

<p>The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sub-irrigation with untreated and treated municipal wastewater on soil chemical parameters. Three treatments were used: untreated wastewater (U), treated wastewater (T) and tap water (W), being the control treatment, in two soil types, Sandy loam (SL) and Loamy sand (LS). A sub-irrigation system including pots filled with soil was installed in one of the greenhouses of the Agricultural University of Athens. The wastewater used was applied in the soil in pots at a depth of 10cm and 20cm. In order to determine the changes of chemical parameters at the point where the emitter was placed, the soil was divided into two zones according to depth: (zone I -upper) and (zone II-lower). The pH, CaCO3 %, K μg/g, Na μg/g, P μg/g and EC μmhos/cm, were determined. Statistically significant differences (p &lt;0, 05) in sodium Na+ μg/g and electrical conductivity EC were observed, only in LS soil. Phosphorus and sodium increased in zone (I) for SL soil (p &lt;0, 05). Electrical conductivity and potassium increased in zone (I), while CaCO3% and pH increased in zone (II) for LS soil (P &lt;0, 05).</p>

Utilization of Bagasse Ash in Concrete and Curing it by Treated Hospital Wastewater

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Vinayak S. ◽  
Akshay Y. Bhovi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Split Tensile Strength ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Partial Cement Replacement

This study examined the potential use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial cement replacement material and treated domestic wastewater was made for the mixing and curing of concrete. The bagasse ash was collected from the Malaprabha sugar industry, Belagavi, and the treated wastewater was collected from Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital & MRC, Belagavi. The work involved the design of M20 grade concrete with w/c ratio of 0.40 and also chemical admixture was made used. The study evaluated the slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength of concrete with different cement replacement ratios. An equal number of cubes and cylinders were casted and were cured in both tap water and treated wastewater separately for a curing period of 28 days and 56 days. The compressive and tensile strength results were obtained after 28 days of curing period for cubes and cylinders. Results show that replacement of cement with bagasse ash and curing them under treated wastewater obtained good results, which supports waste minimization and utilization. The blended concrete compressive strength results also indicate that the easing of sulphate attack will be drastically reduced when cured under treated wastewater.

scholarly journals Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11046
Author(s):  
Stacy Slobodiuk ◽  
Caitlin Niven ◽  
Greer Arthur ◽  
Siddhartha Thakur ◽  
Ayse Ercumen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
The Impact

Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.

scholarly journals Contaminations of Soil and Two Capsicum annuum Generations Irrigated by Reused Urban Wastewater Treated by Different Reed Beds

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhad Almuktar ◽  
Suhail Abed ◽  
Miklas Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
The Impact

Background: In order to save potable water, this study aims to evaluate the contamination of soil and Capsicum annuum L. (chilli) watered with urban wastewater (sewage) pre-treated by various wetland systems. Methods: The appropriateness of wetland outflow for irrigation when applying reused wastewater with high contamination of minerals and pathogens was assessed. The impact of wastewaters pre-treated by various wetlands on soil and harvest was tested in terms of mineral and biological contamination risk. Results: The wetlands met the standards for irrigation water for most water quality variables. However, the thresholds for key water quality parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) exceeded. The highest values for total coliforms, ammonium-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 157,072 CFU/100 mL, 8.5 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L, and 7.0 mg/L, respectively. The harvest was moderately polluted only by zinc according to vegetable quality standards (threshold of 50 mg/kg). Zinc concentrations for Filters 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were 35.8, 60.6, 65.1, 65.5 and 53.2 mg/kg, respectively. No bacterial contamination was detected. Conclusions: Treatment of domestic wastewater applying constructed wetlands and subsequent recycling of the treated wastewater for irrigation of crops is a good substitute to the traditional application of drinking water for irrigation purposes.

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