Comparison of runoff quantity and quality under annual cropping and forages

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
T. Curtis ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Total P

Conversion from annual cropping to perennial forages may be a beneficial management practice (BMP) to reduce runoff quantity and improve surface water quality. Runoff variables were determined in two 30 ha producer's fields over 4 years (2004–2007) using a rainfall simulator. Field 1 was cropped to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 2004 and then an alfalfa (Medicago sp.) and grass mix used for hay and fall grazing was grown from 2005 to 2007. Field 2 was cropped to barley-winter triticale (WT) (Triticosecale Rimpavi Wittm.) in 2005 and alfalfa-grass for hay was grown in 2006 and 2007. Runoff variables measured were runoff depth, electrical conductivity, and concentrations and loads of total suspended solids, total N, total P, and dissolved reactive P fractions. Conversion from barley to alfalfa-grass for hay and fall grazing in Field 1 resulted in reductions for only 13% of the 10 runoff variables, 33% of runoff variables were unaffected, and 53% of variables were significantly increased. Conversion from barley-WT to alfalfa-grass used for hay in Field 2 significantly reduced 25% of the 10 variables, 40% were unaffected, and 35% were significantly increased. Converting from annual cropping to forage did not improve the majority of runoff variables.

scholarly journals Seasonal Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of Some Boreholes Water Samples in Mile 50, Abakaliki Ebonyi State

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Eziafakaego Mercy Ibo ◽  
M. U Orji ◽  
Odera Richard Umeh
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Physicochemical Quality ◽  
Total Solids

Water as excellent natural resource is meant to be of good quality to prevent the outbreak of water-borne diseases. The physical, chemical and biological qualities of water constitute groundwater quality. Water of poor physicochemical quality may have adverse effects on human health and the economy. The physicochemical evaluation of fifteen borehole waters in mile 50 Abakaliki was carried out during the rainy and dry seasons to determine their suitability for drinking using standard analytical methods. During the rainy season, the temperature was 28-30°C; pH, 6.63-8.51; dissolved solids, 1.04-17.01 mg/l; total suspended solids, 0.09-0.98 mg/l; total solids, 1.14-17.99 mg/l; electrical conductivity, 107-328 us/cm; turbidity, 1.27NTU-2.60 NTU total alkalinity, 27.68-82.23 mg/l; total hardness, 70.20-150.84 mg/l; total chloride, 67.30-124.14 mg/l; calcium hardness, 24.50-53.58 mg/l; magnesium hardness, 39.40-97.26 mg/l; sulphate, 30.03-61.88 mg/l; phosphate, 0.25-6.71 mg/l; potassium, 0.00-8.04 mg/l; nitrate, 1.16-8.03 mg/l; iron, 0.00-0.26 mg/l; lead, 0.00-0.05 mg/l; cadmium, 0.00-0.04 mg/l; copper, 0.00-0.23mg/l; chromium, 0.00-0.05 mg/l and zinc, 0.07-2.15 mg/l. During the dry season the temperature was 27-29°C; pH, 6.40-7.75; electrical conductivity, 24-149 us/cm; dissolved solids, 0.10-2.03 mg/l; total suspended solids, 0.02-0.29 mg/l; total solids, 0.13-2.64 mg/l; turbidity, 0.61NTU-1.90 total alkalinity, 19.96-55.97 mg/l; total hardness, 49.61-82.35 mg/l; total chloride, 26.31-80.72 mg/l; calcium hardness, 5.63-29.30 mg/l; magnesium hardness, 30.54-67.30 mg/l; sulphate, 13.88-39.18 mg/l; phosphate, 0.07-3.18 mg/l; potassium, 0.00-4.73 mg/l; nitrate, 0.44-4.95 mg/l; iron, 0.00-0.16 mg/l; lead, 0.00-0.02 mg/l; cadmium, 0.00-0.02 mg/l ; copper, 0.00-0.15 mg/l; chromium, 0.00-0.03 mg/l and zinc, 0.02-0.64 mg/l during the dry season. From the average 7% of cadmium and 33% of lead in the water samples were above the NIS required limits of 0.003 and 0.01mg/l respectively. Generally, the water from the borehole was of poor physicochemical quality and must be treated adequately before being used by humans.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY: EKOLE CREEK, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Opololaoluwa Oladimarum Ogunlowo ◽  
Churchill Ebinimitei Simon
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolve Solid ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Downstream User

Water is essential part of ecosystem, so its quality must be ascertained for use especially in Ekole creek of Nigeria where dredging activities is heavy, hence this study examined the dredging effect on the downstream water quality of Ekole creek. Water samples were collected from four points which are; Upstream, Dredge I, Dredge II, and Downstream points. The parameters of the water quality determined showed that Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were higher at the Downstream point with values of 31 NTU and 1664 mg/l respectively; pH was also slightly acidic (6.61); but low in Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Electrical Conductivity,  Nitrate (NO3) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), as compare to the Upstream. The values of the  heavy metals like Pb (3.845 mg/l), Cr (0.612 mg/l) Ni (0.104 mg/l) and Cu (0.128 mg/l),  at Downstream point, were above Pb (3.0605 mg/l), Cr (0.0 mg/l), Ni (0.017 mg/l) and Cu (0.102 mg/l) of  the Upstream point,before the Dredging points I and II, that have  correlative matrix of(Pb>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr) and  Pb>Fe>Cr>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni Downstream point. Is discovered the Downstream water is slightly acidic, high in Turbidity and TSS, but low in TDS, EC, NO3 and DO, as against the WHO drinking-water quality, due the effect of dredging on the water quality of the Ekole Creek. It is inferred that the dredging activities have negative effects on the water quality, which can be hazardous to the health of downstream user, and distort the ecosystem; therefore the commercial dredging activities should be checked in Ekole creek.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Intra-Event Nutrient Levels in Farmed Prairie Potholes of the Des Moines Lobe

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1607-1617
Author(s):  
Alexander R. Martin ◽  
Michelle L. Soupir ◽  
Amy L. Kaleita
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
Des Moines Lobe ◽  
South Central ◽  
Des Moines ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Total P

HighlightsNitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids concentrations were higher in early season inundation.Nitrate concentrations in farmed potholes decreased with multiday ponding.Farmed potholes act as hotspots, contributing P to drainage through surface intakes.Abstract. The prairie pothole region ranges from central Iowa to the northwest into Montana and south-central Canada, totaling around 700,000 km2. This area contains millions of potholes, or enclosed topographical depressions, which often inundate with rainfall. Many are located in areas that have been converted to agricultural land through installation of artificial drainage. However, even with drainage, potholes pond or remain saturated during and after significant rain events. In this two-year study, surface water depth was collected hourly (typically from after planting through harvest) from eight farmed potholes (drained and under corn-soybean rotation) on the Des Moines Lobe in central Iowa. Nutrient data were collected daily and tested for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) when inundation depth exceeded 10 cm. The data were analyzed in two ways. First, seasonal differences were investigated using samples from the first day of each inundation event. Surface water concentrations were higher in the early growing season than late season for total N (TN), NO3-N, NH3-N, total P (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS). Secondly, average event concentration changes were determined. Nitrate reductions occurred in 85% of multiday events, but these reductions were offset by increases in P. Total P and dissolved reactive P (DRP) had significant increases that averaged 0.51 and 0.46 mg L-1 per event, respectively, with event lengths of 2 to 19 days. This study demonstrates that inundated farmed potholes reduce NO3-N but serve as in-field hotspots, contributing elevated TP and DRP to drainage waters. When a surface intake directly connects inundated farmed potholes to drainage, new strategies, such as field management or engineered technologies, are needed to mitigate P export. This study is useful in informing policy regarding field management and conservation of farmed potholes. Keywords: Farmed wetland, Nitrogen, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Prairie pothole.

scholarly journals Wastewater electrooxidation using stainless steel electrodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Ungureanu ◽  
Valentin Vlăduţ ◽  
Mario Cristea ◽  
Dan Cujbescu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Total N ◽  
Anode Dissolution ◽  
Anode Area ◽  
Total P ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Steel Electrodes

Wastewater contains essential nutrients for crops, and after proper treatment its reuse is beneficial to farmers in arid and semi-arid areas. Electrooxidation is an environmentally friendly technology used for treatment of domestic, industrial and agrozootechnical wastewater. During electrooxidation, organic compounds are oxidized at the interface between the anode and the aqueous solution, as a result of the reduction reaction at the cathode. Tests were performed on wastewater collected from the lagoon of a cattle farm, using an electrooxidation cell with stainless steel electrodes. The removal of pH, conductivity, turbidity, color, total N, total P, COD and BOD was investigated at specific voltages of 0.025 V cm-2, 0.05 V cm-2 and 0.1 V cm-2 and various electrolysis times (15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes). Results show that electrooxidation is effective in reducing total N by 24 %, total P by 47 %, BOD by 47 % and COD by 82 %. After completion of tests, the suspended solids were decanted towards the anode area, due to the action of coagulant Fe2+/Fe3+ ions formed by anode dissolution, and the water was clarified. The effluent complies with the standards to be reused to irrigate crops tolerant to salinity grown in permeable soils.

scholarly journals Using Polyacrylamide (PAM) for Reducing Sediment and Nutrient Losses from Cool Season Vegetable Fields

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1110C-1110
Author(s):  
Michael D. Cahn ◽  
Husein A. Ajwa
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Total P

Agricultural runoff is a source of nutrients and sediments in surface water on the central coast of California. Treating soils with high molecular weight anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) may reduce sediments and P lost from furrow and sprinkler irrigated fields by maintaining infiltration and stabilizing soil aggregates. We conducted column and field studies to quantify the effect of PAM on infiltration rate, run off, and sediment and nutrient (ortho and total P, NO3, K) loss from cool season vegetable fields. Column studies demonstrated a reduction in infiltration for 10 soil types when PAM was continuously applied in the irrigation water at 10 ppm. Recirculating infiltrometer studies showed that in furrow systems, PAM, applied only in the initial water at 10 ppm, had no significant effect on infiltration at four of six sites evaluated. Turbidity and total suspended solids were significantly reduced in the PAM treated water. Across all sites, treatment with PAM reduced suspended solids by 85% compared to the untreated control. Additionally, soluble and total P, and total N were reduced in the PAM treated water. PAM had no effect on nitrate or salt levels in the runoff. PAM applied through sprinklers at a 5 ppm concentration was able to significantly reduce the turbidity and the suspended solids in the tailwater. Similar to the results obtained with the recirculation infiltrometer trials, PAM reduced soluble and total P and total N in the runoff, but had no significant effect on NO3-N. Total sediment loss under sprinklers was reduced by as much as 95% using PAM.

scholarly journals Environmental Study of Some Water Characteristics at Um-Al-Naaj Marsh, South of Iraq.

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 531-538
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Environmental Study ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Water Ph

Um-Al-Naaj region in Al-Hawiezah Marsh, Southern Iraq was chosen to study the environmental variations of some water characteristics during 2008, seasonally. The results showed clear seasonal changes in values of some environmental variables (temperature, depth, light penetration, turbidity, total suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, reactive phosphate, reactive nitrite, and reactive nitrate), while there were no clear seasonal changes in electrical conductivity and salinity values. In addition, high nutrients concentrations and light penetration were noted. Statistical analysis showed significant positive relationship between air and water temperature; electrical conductivity and salinity. Water turbidity was significantly affected by total suspended solids. On the other hand, some of the studied variables had significant negative effects (relative relationships) to each other, when water pH and dissolved oxygen were affected by temperature; total suspended solids and turbidity affected also light penetration.

Surface Water Quality Assessment and Prediction Modelling of Kathajodi River

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Sipra Mallick ◽  
F Baliarsingh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
The Neural Network

Water quality index (WQI), a technique of rating water quality, is an effective tool to access quality and ensure sustainable safe use of water for drinking. The main objective of the present study is to access the surface water quality of Kathajodi river for knowing the suitability of drinking purpose by calculating the WQI. Samples were collected from selected locations during different seasons (winter, summer, rainy) over a period of 3 years (2011, 2012, 2013). Water quality assessment was carried out for the parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, Alkalinity, Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD), Dissolved Oxygen(DO), Chloride, Nitrate, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium. The main objective is to develop a model to assess and predict the water quality changes of Kathajodi River Basin Odisha, India using neural networks and compared with the statistical methods. The result shows the proposed ANN prediction model has a great potential to simulate and predict the strongly correlated parameters like TSS (Total Suspended Solids), TDS(Total Dissolved Solids), Alkalinity, BOD(Biological Oxygen Demand)with Mean Square Error (MSE) : TSSMSE = 1.78 ; TDSMSE = 0; AlkalinityMSE = 3.77 and BODMSE = 8E-03.The Neural Network model has been compared with Linear Regression model to find out the best modelling approach for the study area. And it is concluded that the neural network model is superior to Linear Regression Model.

Phosphorus amounts and distribution in a Saskatchewan soil after five years of swine and cattle manure application

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Qian ◽  
J. J. Schoenau ◽  
T. Wu ◽  
P. Mooleki
Keyword(s):  
Swine Manure ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Manure Treatment ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure ◽  
Labile P ◽  
Total P

Repeated application of animal manures to Saskatchewan soils has led to interest in the fate and distribution of residual manure P in the soil. The concentrations of soil phosphorus in various inorganic and organic fractions were investigated in soils sampled from long-term field research plots (Dixon, SK) with a 5-yr history of annual application of liquid swine manure or solid cattle manure at low, medium and high rates. The soil type at the research site is a loamy textured Black Chernozem (Cudworth Association). Annual rates of manure application over the 5 yr were based on the N contents in the manures and were equivalent to 0 (control), and approximately 100 (low), 200 (medium) and 400 (high) kg total N ha-1 yr-1 as manure. For comparison, urea alone was also applied at rates of 50, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The total P concentration in the surface soil (0&ndash15 cm) was significantly increased only by the addition of cattle manure and only in the medium and high rate treatments compared to the control. The most labile P fractions (Resin-P and NaHCO3-P) were also significantly increased with increasing rate of cattle manure addition. No significant increases in either soil total P or labile P fractions were observed in liquid swine manure treatments, which is attributed to the lower amount of P added with the swine manure treatment than the cattle manure treatment. Added P in the swine manure treatment more closely matched P removal in crop harvest compared to cattle manure treatment, which had more P added than was removed by the crop. Key words: Phosphorus fractions, labile P fraction, sequential P extraction, urea, swine manure, cattle manure

scholarly journals Temporal variability of two contrasting transient pollution events in a pastoral stream

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1063
Author(s):  
P. T. Yillia ◽  
N. Kreuzinger ◽  
K. K. Mwetu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Total N ◽  
Transient Event ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Transient Events ◽  
Pollution Events ◽  
Total P

Two transient pollution events were monitored in a pastoral stream in southwestern Kenya to evaluate their relative contribution to diffuse pollution. Peak loads of pollutants during storm-induced transients were within 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than the short-lived (30–60 minutes) diurnal episodes provoked by in-stream activities of people and livestock. Transient yields were striking during storm-induced events; 778,000, 8,400, 550 and 100 kg day−1 for suspended solids, BOD5, total P and total N, respectively, compared to wet weather base flow (150, 30, 0.8 and 1.4 kg day−1, for the same parameters, respectively). Two forms of concentration-discharge relationships were observed: increases in concentration for turbidity, suspended solids, BOD5, total P and the faecal indicator bacteria at the peak of the stream hydrograph, and concurrent decreases in concentration for conductivity and total N. Following each storm-induced transient event, a marked improvement in water quality was observed within 48–72 hrs of the receding limb of the stream hydrograph before the next base low was established. It was concluded that storm-induced transients are exceedingly important for the mobilization of pollutants from diffuse sources but both transient events affect stream-channel processes, especially water quality, with the possibility of attendant consequences on the health of riparian inhabitants.

Monsoon and Post-monsoon Evaluation of Water Quality of Phewa Lake in Pokhara, Midwestern, Nepal

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriti Acharya ◽  
Krishna Raj Tiwari ◽  
Subodh Sharma ◽  
Chiranjibi Prasad Upadhyaya ◽  
Yajna Prasad Timilsina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Significant Difference

The study explored the lake as mesotrophic. Inflow streams to Phewa lake, lake itself and its outflow stream were sampled in monsoon and post-monsoon. Nine different sampling sites were chosen and physico-chemical parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity were recorded at the spot and rest of the parameters (total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total suspended solids) were analyzed in the laboratory. The observed concentrations were compared with Standard of Surface water quality for sustaining aquatic life. There was no significant difference in DO level, pH, TSS whereas EC, TN and water temperature showed significant difference with respective seasons. The electric conductivity of Phirke khola (inflow stream to lake) was found high that means it was putting nutrient load to the lake. The total suspended solids were much higher (176 mg/l) at Harpan khola (inflow stream) in monsoon and maximum at the middle point of lake (11 mg/l) in post-monsoon. This showed that the TSS carried by Harpan khola are maximally deposited at middle point of lake and shortening the life of the lake. The study finally recommends controlling the discharge of pollution load and periodic surface water quality monitoring and vertical (depth wise) monitoring is necessary. Keywords - Aquatic Ecology, Wetlands, Point sources, mesotrophic, quality indicators, suspended solids, nutrient input, Phewa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal

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