Field evaluation of the performance of different irrigation emitter types using treated wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naji K. Al-Mefleh ◽  
Ibrahim Bashabsheh ◽  
Samer Talozi ◽  
Taha A. Al-Issa
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Emitter Discharge

Experimental tests are carried out to evaluate the impact of treated wastewater (TWW) on the discharge of five different types of emitters which are commonly used. Two water qualities, fresh water (FW) and treated wastewater, and five types of emitters, GR, Nein (NE), Edin (ED), Corona (CO), and Rain Bird (RB) are tested. The values of chemical properties for FW show mostly low clogging potential on emitter performance. The clogging potential for TWW varied from low to medium. The exception was for pH where there was severe clogging potential for both water types. The performance of emitters was tested by measuring the emitter discharge and estimating the average emitter discharge (Qavg), coefficient of variation (CV), emission uniformity coefficient (EU), and Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU). The average discharges for different types of emitters were analyzed and compared at P ≤ 0.05. The CO and RB emitter types did not show any signs of clogging whereas the GR, NE, and ED emitter types showed signs of clogging. The results of CV, EU, and CU values showed that the performances of emitter types GR, NE, ED were classified as low or moderate clogging potential. In contrast, the CO and RB emitters were classified as moderate or high clogging potential.

scholarly journals Treated wastewater irrigation effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability of loamy soils in Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Schacht ◽  
Bernd Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Irrigation Effects ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for agricultural irrigation becomes increasingly important in water stressed regions like the Middle East for substituting fresh water (FW) resources. Due to elevated salt concentrations and organic compounds in TWW this practice has potential adverse effects on soil quality, such as the reduction of hydraulic conductivity (HC) and soil aggregate stability (SAS). To assess the impact of TWW irrigation in comparison to FW irrigation on HC, in-situ infiltration measurements using mini disk infiltrometer were deployed in four different long-term experimental orchard test sites in Israel. Topsoil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analyzing SAS and determination of selected soil chemical and physical characteristics. The mean HC values decreased at all TWW sites by 42.9% up to 50.8% compared to FW sites. The SAS was 11.3% to 32.4% lower at all TWW sites. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were generally higher at TWW sites. These results indicate the use of TWW for irrigation is a viable, but potentially deleterious option, as it influences soil physical and chemical properties.

scholarly journals Experimental tests of the impact of selected parameters on the indentation rolling resistances

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 00002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Woźniak ◽  
Lech Gładysiewicz ◽  
Martyna Konieczna
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Indentation Rolling Resistance ◽  
Belt Conveyors ◽  
The Impact

Belt conveyors are main part of transporting systems in mines and in many other branches of industry. During conveyor belt works different types of resistances are generated. Indentation rolling resistance is the most significant component of the resistances from the perspective of energy losses and it cause the biggest costs as well. According to latest state of analyses and measurements it is well known that theoretical rolling resistance were underestimated in comparison with the measured in-situ one. In this paper new method for determination indentation rolling resistance is presented. The authors compared theoretically and experimentally established damping factors. The relation between these two values enabled to obtain more precise equation for damping function. This function is one of the most important component in calculation of the rolling resistance. In new theoretical model value of rolling resistance is nearly twice higher than this used so far.

scholarly journals Debris flow risk mitigation by the means of rigid and flexible barriers – experimental tests and impact analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1693-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Canelli ◽  
A. M. Ferrero ◽  
M. Migliazza ◽  
A. Segalini
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flexible Barriers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Destructive Potential

Abstract. The impact of a debris flow on a structure can have disastrous effects because of the enormous destructive potential of this type of phenomenon. Although the introduction of risk mitigation structures such as the Sabo Dam, the filter dam and more recently flexible barriers is usual, there are very few methods that are universally recognized for the safe design of such structures. This study presents the results of experimental tests, conducted with the use of a specifically created flume, in order to obtain detailed knowledge of the mechanical aspects, and to analyze the dynamics of the impact of a debris flow on different types of structures. The analyses of the tests, together with the calculation of the thrust caused by the flow, have made it possible to analyze the dynamics of the impact, which has shown differing effects, on the basis of the type of barrier that has been installed.

scholarly journals Fresh Water in Roman Law: Rights and Policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 60-89
Author(s):  
Cynthia Bannon
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Water Administration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Withdrawal Management

ABSTRACTFresh water came from a variety of sources, streams and springs as well as aqueducts. Much of the Roman law on fresh water concerns its supply, regulating rights to use it with a variety of legal institutions from public and private law (e.g. ownership, servitudes, interdicts). The study of fresh water has usually followed the legal categories, segregating the public water supply from water that was private property, and consequently segregating different types of evidence. In this paper varied evidence is analysed using the ‘bundle’ approach, an analytical framework from legal scholarship on rights in the environment, in which water rights are not monolithic but are represented by component rights, including rights of access, withdrawal, management, exclusion and alienation. Analysing component rights in fresh water reveals significant continuities in the Romans' regulation of it and the impact of this regulation. Although there was no centralized water administration in the early Empire, Romans took a systematic approach to regulating fresh water based on consistent working principles and policy priorities.

scholarly journals Assessment of Groundwater Salinization and Soil Degradation in Abdally Farms, Kuwait

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. AI-Rashed ◽  
M. Al-Senafy
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Water And Soil Samples ◽  
Kuwait Group ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
The Impact

Kuwait is a part of the arid and semi arid region, where irrigation is necessary for any realistic agricultural activities. There are no surface fresh water resources in Kuwait. Fresh water is provided from desalination of seawater. However, this water is used mainly for potable purposes. A total of 100,000 cubic meters of brackish groundwater is annually produced from the Kuwait Group and Dammam Formation aquifers. This water is mainly used for mixing at 5-10% with distilled water and for irrigation of specific crops. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of brackish groundwater irrigation on groundwater and soil. A total of 161 water and soil samples from 25 selected farms were collected and analyzed for chemical and physical parameters It was concluded that soil salinity was directly proportional to that of groundwater and a high increase in soil salinity was recognized since the establishment of the farms in Abdally. That was mainly related to the mismanagement of groundwater resources, which causes soil degradation in addition to the losses and inefficiency in water usage. It is recommended to use tertiary treated wastewater for irrigation activities in order to have a wider range of crops to be grown and to prevent the deterioration in both soil and groundwater resources.  

Modelling E. coli transport in soil columns: simulation of wastewater reuse in agriculture

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1123-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Smith ◽  
Aimen Badawy
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

Transport of E. coli bacteria was investigated in laboratory soil columns for three Egyptian agricultural soils, with aim toward determining a set of site specific criteria for safe and sustainable use of treated wastewater in irrigation in Egypt. In particular, the impacts of varying soil type and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on E. coli effluent breakthrough curves were examined in the laboratory and simulated using the CXTFIT package to solve a one-dimensional mass transport equation that included advection, dispersion, adsorption, and straining/filtration. The attempt was made to measure the coefficients associated with each mass transfer process from independent experiments. The HLR used in irrigation was found to exert considerable influence on the impact of transport processes on E. coli breakthrough. At low HLRs, adsorption and straining/filtration are significant in addition to advection and dispersion. However, at high HLRs approaching flood irrigation, E. coli is essentially unaffected by reaction processes, with breakthrough a function of advection and dispersion only. Estimating Kdvia independent batch experiments did not provide a suitable description of adsorption of E. coli in soil columns. To ensure safe and sustainable reuse of reclaimed wastewater in irrigation, guidelines should account for physical and chemical properties of the soil and other local conditions that may impact residual contaminant transport.

scholarly journals The Impact of Various Fuels on Particulate Emissions for a Compression Ignition Engine Equipped with a Diesel Particulate Filter

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Bogdan Manolin JURCHIȘ
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this research was to highlight the impact of using different types of fuels on particulate emissions and also on the operation on particulate filters on diesel engines. For all the results obtained from the experimental tests, comparative studies were performed to find the optimal fuel mixture that can be used in order to obtain the optimal performance of the particle filter, without affecting the engine performance. Following the initial tests performed without DPF, the case with the highest smoke emission value (2000 1/min) was identified. For this case, continuous measurement tests were then performed. For this reason, a more detailed analysis was made only for this case.

scholarly journals Degradacja próchnicy czarnoziemów ornych na przykładzie Ponidzia

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ostaszewska ◽  
Bogumił Wicik ◽  
Andrzej Harasimiuk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The paper presents the results of research on the degradation of chernozems in part of the Proszowice lobe (near Pińczów). The currently progressing process of degradation of chernozems is showed in the decline of their physical and chemical properties (among others increased predisposition to soaking, changes in the content of organic carbon and nitrogen). The results were analyzed in the context of changes in the technology of farming. For the analysis, samples from areas with different types of use and different history of use (including archaeological sites) were collected. A significant decline of soil properties was found. They were expressed by destruction of the soil structure of humus horizon. It starts increase in the susceptibility of the soil clumping, soaking and erosion. The humus contents in researched samples are low (as content for Chernozem), but there is no different in this parameter determined half century ago. Currently, low values of the C/N coefficient indicate the impact of mineral fertilization (increasing the nitrogen content) and are part of the anthropogenic degradation of the analyzed Chernozems.

scholarly journals Quality and Trace Element Profile of Tunisian Olive Oils Obtained from Plants Irrigated with Treated Wastewater

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Benincasa ◽  
Mariem Gharsallaoui ◽  
Enzo Perri ◽  
Caterina Briccoli Bati ◽  
Mohamed Ayadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Element Profile ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Metallic Compounds ◽  
The Impact

In the present work the use of treated wastewater (TWW) to irrigate olive plants was monitored. This type of water is characterized by high salinity and retains a substantial amount of trace elements, organic and metallic compounds that can be transferred into the soil and into the plants and fruits. In order to evaluate the impact of TWW on the overall quality of the oils, the time of contact of the olives with the soil has been taken into account. Multi-element data were obtained using ICP-MS. Nineteen elements (Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Mo, Ba and La) were submitted for statistical analysis. Using analysis of variance, linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis it was possible to differentiate between oils produced from different batches of olives whose plants received different types of water. Also, the results showed that there was correlation between the elemental and mineral composition of the water used to irrigate the olive plots and the elemental and mineral composition of the oils.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

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