Development of a low-cost dynamic filter immersed in activated sludge system

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Chen ◽  
S.K. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Low Strength ◽  
Dynamic Filter ◽  
Better Than

Wasted non-woven material was employed to develop a dynamic filter immersed in bioreactor (DFIB) to treat low strength wastewater. A bench-scale DFIB was investigated to evaluate its feasibility. The maximum permeate flux of this innovative DFIB was more than 3 times greater than that of a conventional non-woven filter and even similar to that of a mesh filter, while the effluent quality of the developed DFIB in terms of turbidity, SS, and COD was better than that of a mesh filter, which were below 1.5 NTU, 3 and 35 mg/L, respectively. Such effluent quality with appropriate disinfection could meet the requirement for wastewater reuse for various urban usages. The acceptable MLSS level was identified not greater than 5 g/L in order to secure the effluent quality, when the maximum permeate flux of 1.5 m3/m2·day and daily backwash are applied. The large permeate flux rate and relatively high MLSS level of the DFIB can achieve cost-effective treatment of low strength wastewater.

scholarly journals Microbiological and physicochemical evaluation of the effluent quality in a membrane bioreactor system to meet the legislative limits for wastewater reuse

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1796-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Azis ◽  
Charalampos Vardalachakis ◽  
Spyridon Ntougias ◽  
Paraschos Melidis
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and effluent quality of a pilot-scale intermittently aerated and fed, externally submerged membrane bioreactor (MBRes) treating municipal wastewater. The effluent quality of the MBRes was evaluated regarding system ability to comply with the Greek legislative limits for restricted and unrestricted wastewater reuse. The average permeate flux was 13.9 L m−2 h−1, while the transmembrane pressure remained above the level of −110 mbar. Experimental data showed that biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, PO43−- P and total suspended solids removal efficiencies were 97.8, 93.1, 89.6, 93.2 and 100%, respectively, whereas turbidity was reduced by 94.1%. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were fully eliminated by ultrafiltration and disinfection methods, such as chlorination and ultraviolet radiation. In agreement with the Greek legislation (Joint Ministerial Decree 145116/11) and the guidelines recommended for the Mediterranean countries, the disinfected effluent of the MBRes system can be safely reused directly for urban purposes.

scholarly journals What Is Known and Unknown About Twice-Weekly Hemodialysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitsugu Obi ◽  
Rieko Eriguchi ◽  
Shuo-Ming Ou ◽  
Connie M. Rhee ◽  
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Interdialytic Weight Gain ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Incremental Hemodialysis

Background: The 2006 Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines suggest twice-weekly or incremental hemodialysis for patients with substantial residual kidney function (RKF). However, in most affluent nations de novo and abrupt transition to thrice-weekly hemodialysis is routinely prescribed for all dialysis-naïve patients regardless of their RKF. We review historical developments in hemodialysis therapy initiation and revisit twice-weekly hemodialysis as an individualized, incremental treatment especially upon first transitioning to hemodialysis therapy. Summary: In the 1960's, hemodialysis treatment was first offered as a life-sustaining treatment in the form of long sessions (≥10 hours) administered every 5 to 7 days. Twice- and then thrice-weekly treatment regimens were subsequently developed to prevent uremic symptoms on a long-term basis. The thrice-weekly regimen has since become the ‘standard of care' despite a lack of comparative studies. Some clinical studies have shown benefits of high hemodialysis dose by more frequent or longer treatment times mainly among patients with limited or no RKF. Conversely, in selected patients with higher levels of RKF and particularly higher urine volume, incremental or twice-weekly hemodialysis may preserve RKF and vascular access longer without compromising clinical outcomes. Proposed criteria for twice-weekly hemodialysis include urine output >500 ml/day, limited interdialytic weight gain, smaller body size relative to RKF, and favorable nutritional status, quality of life, and comorbidity profile. Key Messages: Incremental hemodialysis including twice-weekly regimens may be safe and cost-effective treatment regimens that provide better quality of life for incident dialysis patients who have substantial RKF. These proposed criteria may guide incremental hemodialysis frequency and warrant future randomized controlled trials.

scholarly journals Crack Restraining Methods and their Effects on the Microstructures and Properties of Laser Cladded WC/Fe Coatings

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu-Lian Dai ◽  
Can-bin Luo ◽  
Fang-yi You
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Laser Cladding Process ◽  
Process Heat ◽  
Crack Susceptibility ◽  
Better Than

Laser cladded WC/Fe coatings have the advantages of low cost and high abrasion wear resistance. However, cracks always appear in WC/Fe coatings, which limits their industrial application. In this paper, the co-effects of the re-melting process, heat treatments, and amount of Co element on the cracking susceptibility, microstructures, and mechanical properties of WC/Fe laser cladding coatings were studied. Experimental results show that re-melting process is helpful to improve the surface quality of the coating and to reduce the cracking susceptibility. The hardness of the coating decreases slightly but distributes more uniformly. Cracks in the coating can be inhibited effectively by preheating the substrate to 250 °C and maintaining the temperature during the laser cladding process, as well as applying an annealing treatment at 300 °C for 1 h. Heat treatment also results in a slight decrease in the hardness. Crack initiation cannot be restrained completely by applying the above two methods when laser cladding a big area of coating. On the basis of the above two methods, addition of Co element to the coating can further improve its toughness and decrease the crack susceptibility. Crack-free WC/Fe coating can be manufactured when 8% Co is added, and its wear resistance is much better than that of the hardened medium steel, especially when the wear time is long.

The Role of Novel Bone Forming Agents in the Treatment of Osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 089719002096122
Author(s):  
Hansita B. Patel ◽  
Lynsie J. Lyerly ◽  
Cheryl K. Horlen
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Bisphosphonate Therapy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
First Line ◽  
Treatment Of Osteoporosis ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment

Osteoporosis is a growing epidemic that leads to significant morbidity and mortality among the elderly population due to associated fractures that lead to disabilities and reduced quality of life. Bisphosphonates are well-established as a first-line and cost-effective treatment for osteoporosis. Unfortunately, clinicians are often uncertain as to how to select treatments when bisphosphonates are ineffective as initial treatment or contraindicated. Romosozumab and abaloparatide are 2 alternative agents that have been recently FDA approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk for fracture or patients who have failed or are intolerant to other osteoporosis therapies. Currently, the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) has no formal recommendations in regard to these 2 novel agents. The purpose of this review is to help guide pharmacists on how to ensure appropriate utilization of these 2 novel bone-forming agents as potential alternatives to bisphosphonate therapy by providing evidence-based recommendations according to the current literature and key counseling points.

Development of Calibration Equipment for Geodetic Angle Measurement Instruments

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Lauryna Šiaudinytė ◽  
Deividas Sabaitis ◽  
Domantas Bručas ◽  
Gintaras Dmitrijev
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Production of high precision circular scales is a complicated process requiring expensive equipment and complex processes to achieve. Precision angle measurement equipment tends to be very expensive and therefore not accessible to all in need. Simplification of production of such devices can lead to reducing costs of angle measurement systems ensuring easier accessibility. A new method of producing precision circular scales using low cost mass production can reduce the costs of these devices drastically. Therefore, utilising a common CD technology as the basis for such scales is analysed. This paper deals with the analysis of the newest laser cutting method for plastic circular scales. Preliminary results of manufacturing such scales are presented in the paper as well as measurements of the grating of the scale were performed. The quality of different scales manufactured using different laser types is analysed in the study. The cost – effective alternative of manufacturing circular scales is discussed in the paper.

Low-cost spiral membrane for improving effluent quality of septictank

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (27) ◽  
pp. 12409-12414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Cao Ngoc Dan ◽  
Thanh Tin Nguyen ◽  
Xuan Thanh Bui ◽  
Thi Dieu Hien Vo ◽  
Cong Hoang Son Truong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Effluent Quality

A contribution to solve the arsenic problem in groundwater of Ganges Delta by in-situ treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 2009-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Rott ◽  
H. Kauffmann
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Arsenic In Groundwater ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Removal Of Arsenic

Arsenic in groundwater is a huge problem in numerous regions of the world. Many people are exposed to high arsenic concentrations and consequently risk getting ill or even die as a result of arsenic poisoning. There are several efficient technologies for the removal of arsenic but often these methods have disadvantages, e.g. high costs for installation and/or operation, the need for chemicals or the production of arsenic contaminated filter sludge. These disadvantages can make the application difficult, especially in poor regions. Under suitable ancillary conditions the subterranean (in-situ) treatment, which is often used for iron and manganese removal from groundwater, can also be applied for the removal of arsenic and can be a cost-effective treatment technology. A field trial was carried out with a low-cost in-situ treatment plant in West Bengal/India which is described in this paper, in order to investigate whether this treatment technology is also applicable under the boundary conditions there. As for the in-situ treatment technology besides oxygen no additives are required and no arsenic contaminated filter sludge is produced this technology could be a suitable method for arsenic removal especially in poor regions.

scholarly journals Quality of Dried Anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) from Buru Island Produced by Using Closed Sun Dryer

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Imelda Krisanta Enda Savitri ◽  
Bernita Silaban ◽  
R.B.D. Sormin
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Vibrio Cholera ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Better Than

Anchovies drying method in Saliong, Batuboi village, Kayeli Bay has been done by spreading fish on the ground covered by mat or net due to low cost and easy to apply. However, there are no guarantee in the sanitation and hygienic. The objective of this research was to study the effect of closed sun drying method on the quality of dried anchovies (Stolephorus sp). The method was using closed cabinet sun dryer prototype covered by transparence plastic multi racks. Parameters observed involve: organoleptic, moisture content, acid insoluble, total plate count (TPC), E. coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio cholera and fungi according to Indonesian national standard reference (SNI). The result showed the dried anchovy have an organoleptic grade refers to appearance, smells and texture were 8.40, 8.33 and 8.27 respectively. Moreover, moisture 17.50%; acid insoluble ash 0.32%; total bacterial (TPC) 6.92x102; E. coli, Salmonella sp., V. cholera and fungi were negative. For comparison, dried anchovy produced by using conventional/traditional drying had an organoleptic grade refers to appearance, smells and texture were 7.67, 7.73 dan 7.87 respectively; while moisture 16.93% ; acid insoluble ash 0.65%; total bacterial (TPC) 1.16 x103; E. coli, Salmonella sp., V. cholera and fungi were negative. According to the SNI 01-2891 BSN 1992, dried anchovy produced by using enclosed sun dryer better than dried anchovy produced by traditional method.

scholarly journals Omalizumab Reduces Unplanned Healthcare Interactions in Irish Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Ridge ◽  
Vyanka Redenbaugh ◽  
Niall Conlon
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilization ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria ◽  
First Line ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Irish Data ◽  
Impaired Quality

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common, debilitating skin disorder associated with impaired quality of life and psychological comorbidity. Symptoms can be difficult to control and many individuals will not respond to first line treatment. Due to the chronic and unpredictable nature of the disorder, patients frequently have repeated healthcare attendances. Despite this, little is known about healthcare resource utilization internationally. Furthermore, there is no Irish data to inform fundholding decision makers. Omalizumab is an anti IgE monoclonal antibody used in refractory urticaria. It is a comparatively high cost medicine and access to this treatment can be challenging. Recent assessments of omalizumab compared with usual care suggest that omalizumab is a cost-effective treatment for refractory urticaria. We carried out a retrospective review of 47 patients commenced on omalizumab. We evaluated unplanned primary and secondary care attendances and urticaria symptomatology before and after treatment. As expected, patients with refractory disease that were commenced on omalizumab had objective improvements in urticaria symptoms. Importantly, we show that this is reflected in a dramatic reduction in unplanned healthcare interactions at primary care and emergency departments. These data suggest that omalizumab may benefit these patients by reducing disease activity and thereby reducing the need for unplanned healthcare interactions.

scholarly journals Development of a chopper charge amplifier for measuring the cavity pressure inside injection moulding tools and signal optimisation with a Kalman filter

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Manuel Schneider ◽  
Alexander Jahn ◽  
Norbert Greifzu ◽  
Norbert Fränzel
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Injection Moulding ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Chopper Amplifier ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. This article provides insight into the development of a powerful and low-cost chopper amplifier for piezoelectric pressure sensors and shows its possible applications for injection moulding machines. With a power supply of 3.3 volts and the use of standard components, a circuit is introduced which can be connected to a commercially available microcontroller without any additional effort. This amplifier is specialised for low frequencies and high-pressure environments. With the adjustment of the sample and chopper frequency by means of software, the amplifier can easily be adapted for other applications. This chopper amplifier is a very compact and cost-effective solution with a small number of required components. In this contribution, it will be shown that the amplifier has good results in various laboratory tests as well as in the production process. Furthermore, an approach to fuse data from force and pressure signals by using a Kalman filter will be presented. With this method, the quality of the sensor signals can be significantly improved. This article is an extension of our previous work in Schneider et al. (2016b).

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