scholarly journals Water footprint of Xiamen city from production and consumption perspectives (2001–2012)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiefeng Kang ◽  
Jianyi Lin ◽  
Shenghui Cui ◽  
Xiangyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Xiamen City ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Providing a comprehensive insight, water footprint (WF) is widely used to analyze and address water-use issues. In this study, a hybrid of bottom-up and top-down methods is applied to calculate, from production and consumption perspectives, the WF for Xiamen city from 2001 to 2012. Results show that the average production WF of Xiamen was 881.75 Mm3/year and remained relatively stable during the study period, while the consumption WF of Xiamen increased from 979.56 Mm3/year to 1,664.97 Mm3/year over the study period. Xiamen thus became a net importer of virtual water since 2001. Livestock was the largest contributor to the total WF from both production and consumption perspectives; it was followed by crops, industry, household use, and commerce. The efficiency of the production WF has increased in Xiamen, and its per capita consumption WF was relatively low. The city faces continuing growth in its consumption WF, so more attention should be paid to improving local irrigation, reducing food waste, and importing water-intensive agricultural products.

How much water do we really use? A case study of the city state of Singapore

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
National Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
The World ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

The observed and predicted increase in urban population in the world is creating and will further create severe stress on existing water infrastructures and available water resources. Singapore's population has increased from about 1 million people in the 1950s to almost 5 million currently. The city state has invested massively in a sustainable water supply system, and is regarded by many as a role model for future cities with respect to this topic. Solutions like water reuse, desalination and water demand management have already been implemented. However, city dwellers use much more additional water in the form of virtual water. Their actual water footprint is much higher than only domestic water. Water required for the generation of agricultural and industrial products are imported to cities, and can put a heavy burden on water resources in surrounding and even distant (rural) regions. The city state provides a unique opportunity to analyse virtual water consumption for a city, as required statistical data are available through the national Department of Statistics. For other cities such detailed data are rarely available. Mostly these data are only provided on a national level. This analysis provides a quantification of the actual water use of a future city. The paper describes whether the consumption of agricultural products (in the sense of water for food) is also sustainable in Singapore. The agricultural products that contribute largely to the total water footprint of Singapore – wheat, rice, livestock products and cotton–are analysed and discussed in detail. A sustainable city of the future should account for its impacts beyond its borders. Whether the world can provide for the water and food for an increasing population highly depends on consumption patterns within future cities.

Study on the water footprint and external water dependency of Beijing

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhi Sun ◽  
Lei Shen ◽  
Chunxia Lu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Resource Stress ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
External Water ◽  
Hu Line

Beijing has experienced rapid economic development and population growth during recent decades, aggravating water scarcity. In order to investigate the water consumption of Beijing, this paper quantitatively evaluates the water footprint (WF), the intensity of the water footprint (Iwf) and the external water dependency (WD) based on the top-down and bottom-up methods. We obtain the following major conclusions: (1) the total WF in Beijing is 353 108 m³ in 2012; per capita WF is 1,704 m³, which is 8 times that of the entity water of Beijing; (2) the Iwf in Beijing rises after 2007, indicating that there remains a great potential for improving water-use efficiency; (3) through virtual water trade, the external WF takes over 70% of the total WF annually; therefore, Beijing has faced more severe water resource stress recently; (4) through the spatial analysis of external WD, we identify that in each side of the Hu line, distribution of distance of the flow of imported virtual water shows homogeneity, and that WD in the southeast region is high and in the northwest is weak.

scholarly journals A spatially detailed blue water footprint of the United States economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 3007-3032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Rushforth ◽  
Benjamin L. Ruddell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract. This paper quantifies and maps a spatially detailed and economically complete blue water footprint for the United States, utilizing the National Water Economy Database version 1.1 (NWED). NWED utilizes multiple mesoscale (county-level) federal data resources from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), the US Department of Transportation (USDOT), the US Department of Energy (USDOE), and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to quantify water use, economic trade, and commodity flows to construct this water footprint. Results corroborate previous studies in both the magnitude of the US water footprint (F) and in the observed pattern of virtual water flows. Four virtual water accounting scenarios were developed with minimum (Min), median (Med), and maximum (Max) consumptive use scenarios and a withdrawal-based scenario. The median water footprint (FCUMed) of the US is 181 966 Mm3 (FWithdrawal: 400 844 Mm3; FCUMax: 222 144 Mm3; FCUMin: 61 117 Mm3) and the median per capita water footprint (FCUMed′) of the US is 589 m3 per capita (FWithdrawal′: 1298 m3 per capita; FCUMax′: 720 m3 per capita; FCUMin′: 198 m3 per capita). The US hydroeconomic network is centered on cities. Approximately 58 % of US water consumption is for direct and indirect use by cities. Further, the water footprint of agriculture and livestock is 93 % of the total US blue water footprint, and is dominated by irrigated agriculture in the western US. The water footprint of the industrial, domestic, and power economic sectors is centered on population centers, while the water footprint of the mining sector is highly dependent on the location of mineral resources. Owing to uncertainty in consumptive use coefficients alone, the mesoscale blue water footprint uncertainty ranges from 63 to over 99 % depending on location. Harmonized region-specific, economic-sector-specific consumption coefficients are necessary to reduce water footprint uncertainties and to better understand the human economy's water use impact on the hydrosphere.

scholarly journals The water footprint of Milan

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham ◽  
G. Bidoglio
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Meat Animal

This study quantifies the water footprint of consumption (WFcons) and production (WFprod) of Milan. The current WFcons amounts to 6,139 l/cap/d (a volume of 2.93 km3 annually), of which 52 l/cap/d (1%) is attributed to domestic water, 448 l/cap/d (7%) to the consumption of industrial products and 5,639 l/cap/d (92%) to the consumption of agricultural products. The WFprod is 52 l/cap/d. Milan is thus a net virtual water importer, predominately through the import of agricultural products. These are produced outside city borders, both in Italy and abroad. This shows the dependency of city dwellers on water resources from other river basins. In addition, the WFcons for a healthy diet (based on Mediterranean Food-Based Dietary Guidelines) and a vegetarian diet are analysed. The current Milanese diet consists of too much sugar, crop oils, meat, animal fats, milk and milk products and not enough cereals, rice, potatoes, vegetables and fruit. The latter two diets result in substantial WFcons reductions: −29% (to 4,339 l/cap/d) for a healthy diet and −41% (to 3,631 l/cap/d) for a vegetarian diet. Indeed, a lot of water could be saved by Milan citizens through a change in their diet. A sustainable city should account for its impacts beyond its borders.

Calculation and Analysis of Water Footprint in Shunyi District of Beijing

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 964-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Ling Liu ◽  
Yu Xin Wang ◽  
Xiao Hui Mao
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Water Resources Carrying Capacity ◽  
Per Capita

The water footprint and consumption pattern is an effective tool for quantitifying the volume of water resources consumption in certain region [ ].Shunyi’s water footprint in the period 2006-2010 is calculated in this article from the view of virtual water. The general water footprint in Shunyi District at the year 2010 reached 790 million m3 and water footprint per capita was 536.48 cubic meters. Shunyi 's water resource quantity per capita was 501.27 m3 in the same year and the Water Scarcity Index was 1.98. The result of calculation shows that the water resource volume of exploitation in Shunyi District of Beijing has been beyond the water resources carrying capacity.

scholarly journals Water Footprint Analysis In Krueng Aceh Watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
Purwana Satriyo ◽  
Hidayat Pawitan ◽  
Yanuar J Purwanto ◽  
Yayat Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
World Population ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Watershed Area ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Footprint Analysis ◽  
Per Capita

Water is one the most important natural resources to maintain human life and all other living things in the earth. Around 65% water were consumed for drinking purpose, while others were used for daily needs. The increasing amount of work on water use and scarcity in relation to consumption and trade has led to the emergence of the field of Water Footprint (WF). Climate change, rural development, world population growth and industrialization have placed considerable stress on the local availability of water resources. Thus, it is necessary to perform study in order to analyze water demands and supply for sustainable water availability. Recently, water footprint analysis has been widely draw attention to the scientists and engineers. The water footprint analysis is closely related with virtual water from which it is defined as total water volume used for consumption and trade. The main aim of this present study is to analyze and assess the total water requirement based on community water footprint in Krueng Aceh watershed area. The virtual water used in this study are dominant consumption food commodities. The result shows that water footprint per capita in Krueng Aceh watershed area was 674.52 m3/year. Water footprint for rural and urban population were 608.27 m3/year and 740.77 m3/year respectively. The WF of food consumption in urban area of Krueng Aceh watershed is 690.74 m3 / capita / year and 584.22 m3/capita/year or average 625.69 m3/capita/year, while for non-food, the WF per capita is 24.05 m3/year in rural or 32.46% of the total water footprint. Non-food consumption per capita in Krueng Aceh and in urban areas is 50.03 m3/year or 67.53%. The total water demand based on the water footprint is 378,906,655.05 m3 in 2015 which is consumed by most of residents in the Krueng Aceh watershed area. Furthermore, total WF in rural and urban area are 193,489,128.95 m3 and 185,417,526.10 m3 respectively.

Mexico's booming beer sector still has room for growth

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Duopolistic Market ◽  
Market Consolidation ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Subject Mexico is the largest beer exporter in the world and business is booming. Significance Following market consolidation in recent years, Mexico's beer market is dominated by global giants Anheuser-Busch InBev (ABI) and Heineken. The country remains very attractive for these two companies, both because of the potential for domestic per capita consumption to rise and to diversify to different types of beer, and because of the country's position as the leading provider to the lucrative US market. However, the duopolistic market structure makes entry into Mexico very tough for potential challengers. Impacts In terms of production and consumption, Mexico is likely to become a larger player in the global beer sector in the coming years. The growth of the beer sector in Mexico's economy will help to sustain employment levels, given the number of indirect jobs it creates. The sector's increasing importance and visibility will attract attention from organised crime, requiring higher security expenditure.

Emerging Trends for High-Value Agricultural Products in India: Production, Consumption and the Nutritional Fallout

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Price Effect ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Indian Diet

High-value agricultural products (HVAP) have been gaining importance in India recently owing to their contribution towards improving farmers’ income and consumers’ health awareness. The study empirically examined the changing trends in the production and consumption of HVAP and the nutritional fallout in rural and urban India during 2000-2019 using regression analysis and calculation of growth rates. The results showed a growth rate of 4.3 percent in the production of HVAP and 9 percent for that per capita expenditure on food. However, the growth of per capita availability was 2.3, and 80 percent of the population had a nutritional intake lower than the recommended diet levels. The study pointed at the price effect, inadequate availability and nutritional gaps in the Indian diet.

scholarly journals Ecological Footprint and Water Footprint of Taipei

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5714
Author(s):  
Yung-Jaan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
High Income ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City

Taiwan suffers from many natural disasters and is vulnerable to climate change. A continuous increase in its ecological footprint (EF) would pose numerous threats to the city. Taipei is Taiwan’s most densely populated city. Whether its citizens are consuming more resources because of their high income and high degree of urbanization, thereby burdening the environment, warrants study. In contrast to most top-down EF analyses, in this study, 445 residents were surveyed to calculate their carbon, built-up land and water footprints. Gender, occupation, age, education level, personal annual income and socio-economic background do not influence water footprint or EF. Moreover, an individual’s water footprint is not correlated with his or her EF. The built-up land footprint that is obtained in this bottom-up study is similar to that in Taiwan’s top-down national footprint account. However, the personal carbon footprint found herein is smaller than that in the national footprint account, because this study asked respondents’ only about consumption related to everyday activities. Since Taipei residents have a high income and high daily consumption, the water footprint herein is larger than the top-down water footprint. This bottom-up EF analysis reflects residents’ daily consumption patterns and can be used in future urban decision-making.

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