Method to determine the power efficiency of UV disinfection plants and its application to low pressure plants for drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alois W. Schmalwieser ◽  
Georg Hirschmann ◽  
Alexander Cabaj ◽  
Regina Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Uv Irradiance ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Selection Of

In this paper we present a method to determine the power efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection plants and apply this to low pressure plants for drinking water. In UV disinfection plants the water flow is regulated to ensure that microorganisms receive the necessary fluence for inactivation while passing through. The flow depends on the UV transmission (UVT) of the water. The lower the UVT of the water is, the less water may flow through the plant. UV irradiance is produced by lamps that consume, together with other components, electrical power and entail running costs. The power efficiency – electrical power versus disinfected volume – of a plant has therefore an important impact. Applying this method to different UV plants that are on the market shows that electric power of at least 5.3 Wh is necessary to disinfect 1 m3 of water possessing a UVT of 80% (100 mm), 8 Wh at 50% and 22 Wh at 10%. Further we found that ineffective design or a wrong selection of a plant may enhance these values by a factor of up to 7. This method enables not only the calculation of the power efficiency but also the decision for a certain plant type.

Fifteen years of experience with standardized reference radiometers for controlling low-pressure UV disinfection plants for drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-984
Author(s):  
A. W. Schmalwieser
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Radiation Monitoring ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Test Results ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Past

The only practicable way to control the disinfection capability of a UV disinfection plant for drinking water all the time is to use a UV radiometer. According to the Austrian Standard M5873, this plant radiometer is a standardized part of each plant. The standard defines a so-called reference radiometer (RRM) as well. This is necessary because a plant radiometer has to be controlled periodically. A RRM is a hand-held device which has to fulfil high-quality criteria and must be almost insensitive to environmental conditions. In this paper the principles of the concept behind the RRM are explained together with the requirements of such a device. Further on, the test methods are presented as well as a summary of test results from all RRMs developed during the past 15 years. It is shown that the radiation monitoring concept of the Austrian Standard has been successfully practicable and that the international acceptance of the Austrian Standard is justified.

Influence of lamp intensity and water transmittance on the UV disinfection of water

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sommer ◽  
A. Cabaj ◽  
W. Pribil ◽  
T. Haider
Keyword(s):  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Uv Irradiance ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
Uv Transmittance ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Uv Lamps ◽  
Irradiation Chamber

The efficiency of UV disinfection devices depends on flow, lamp intensity and water transmittance. In practice the flow is controlled by suitable methods, whereas the other two parameters, to date, have not been taken into consideration sufficiently. The surveillance of the function of UV disinfection plants is routinely based on a sensor placed on the irradiation chamber wall. This measures changes of UV irradiance without differentiating if the effect is caused by transmittance or lamp intensity so that two different conditions of disinfection may occur at the same sensor readings. We investigated the influence of transmittance vs intensity on disinfection at the same sensor readings in a specially designed laboratory flow through UV irradiation system with one single UV lamp as well as in commercially available UV disinfection plants with multiple UV lamps. All devices were equipped with a calibrated selective UV detector connected to a UV radiometer. Lamp intensity was decreased by diminishing the supply voltage. UV transmittance was reduced by pumping aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution into the water inflow. The disinfection capacity was determined by measuring the reduction equivalent doses (RED) using a standardised biodosimetric method. We showed that equal sensor readings, either achieved by reducing the lamp intensity or by lowering the UV transmittance of the water, resulted in different REDs in one-lamp systems. The diminishing of UV intensity caused a greater decrease of REDs than reducing the water transmittance. However, in the multiple-lamp systems tested, equal sensor readings yielded equal REDs.

scholarly journals Inverator Starting Energy Saver Design For Electric Power Efficiency In Water Pumps

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. PRESS
Author(s):  
Faisal Irsan Pasaribu ◽  
Noorly Evalina ◽  
Partaonan Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Active Power ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Inverter Circuit ◽  
Quality Of Electric Power ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Water Pumps

The use of a Water Pump at the initial start is the use of electricity with a large capacity which sometimes faces various kinds of efficiency problems. These problems include an increase in current that occurs in the channel by improving the quality of electric power, especially in the electrical system in the area of the use of the Water Pump, which is expected to be able to improve the quality of electric power. The purpose of the research was to design an inverter starting energy saver as an effort to improve power quality for electricity savings, electric power efficiency in water pumps. This improvement is also expected to be able to reduce the cost of using electricity bills, especially in the use of water pumps. To be able to carry out the improvement of the quality of the electric power, it is necessary to calculate the active power and apparent power when the water pump is used. After performing these calculations, the installation of the inverter starting circuit saver electricity will be used. By carrying out these steps by installing a series of inverters that can improve the quality of electrical power. And by using the inverter circuit starting Energy saver, it is clear that it produces an active power efficiency value of 82% of the active power before using the 272 Watt inverter circuit and active power after using the 223.9 Watt inverter circuit, and also produces an apparent power efficiency value of 83% before using the circuit. inverter 275.18 VA and apparent power after using the inverter circuit 227.94 VA

scholarly journals Laboratory Investigation of Inorganic Fouling of Low Pressure UV Disinfection Lamps

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sheriff ◽  
M. Gehr
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Bulk Precipitation ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Uv Irradiance ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
Uv Lamps ◽  
Solids Deposition

Abstract Iron(III) (mainly dosed as FeCl3) is one of the main inorganic constituents associated with the fouling of UV lamps during disinfection of wastewater. A low pressure mercury lamp UV system was operated under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of heat and UV light on fouling. Iron(III) was dosed at different concentrations and fouling was monitored by measuring the UV irradiance. The potential for ferric phosphate fouling and the effects of organics were also studied. Results showed that fouling did not occur in recirculating systems over 12 days of observation. However, in flow-through systems, the extent and rate of fouling depended on the solution Fe concentration. Furthermore, addition of phosphorus increased the fouling rate. Bulk precipitation appeared to be significant at iron(III) dosing over 3 mg/L. Theoretical predictions of an equilibrium model (MINEQL+) showed similar trends with measured concentrations of soluble Fe and P from batch tests. However, model predictions of temperature effects alone could not account for the observed solids deposition on the quartz sleeve. Bulk precipitation, followed by sedimentation, was considered to be the dominant mechanism at high iron (III) concentrations.

Use of low pressure mercury lamps with H2O2 and TiO2 for treating carbamazepine in drinking water: Batch and continuous flow through experiments

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 230-236
Author(s):  
Purnima Somathilake ◽  
John Albino Dominic ◽  
Gopal Achari ◽  
Cooper H. Langford ◽  
Joo-Hwa Tay
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Flow Through

scholarly journals Kajian Eksperimen Instalasi Pompa Seri dan Paralel Terhadap Efisiensi Penggunaan Energi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Syahrizal ◽  
Daud Perdana
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Hydraulic Power ◽  
Pump Flow Rate ◽  
Pump Pressure ◽  
Discharge Pressure

The pump is used to transfer liquid fluid from a low place to a high place or from one place to another with a certain distance and with a certain height. This study aims to figure the connection of series and parallel pumps to the discharge, pressure and pump power, and to figure the efficiency of series and parallel pumps with energy use. This study was conducted in a mechanical engineering major at Sambas State Polytechnic. The method used was three treatment experiments, including installing a single pump, a series pump installation, and a parallel pump installation. Observed changes are flow rate, water pressure, motor rotation, and electric current. The results showed that the series pump did not affect the discharge, but it affected the pressure and hydraulic power of the pump. While the parallel pump affects the increase in discharge but does not affect the pump pressure and hydraulic power. The results of pump calculations flow rate series 0.000450 m3 / sec, while the parallel pump flow rate 0.000769 m3 / sec. The results of pump measurement pressure are 80 psi series, while the parallel pump pressure is 40 psi. The calculation result of the hydraulic pump is 248.28 Watt series, while the parallel pump hydraulic power is 198.2 Watt.  The power efficiency of series pumps is higher than the efficiency of parallel pumps. The efficiency of electric power when measuring flow rate at 70.53% series pump installations, parallel pump electrical power efficiency of 56.3%. The efficiency of electric power when measuring series water pressure is 45.14%, while the parallel pump's electrical power efficiency is 36.03%. Keywords: Efficiency, pump installation, series, parallel.

Variable-Frequency Prony Method in the Analysis of Electrical Power Quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Zygarlicki ◽  
Janusz Mroczka
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Power Quality ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Variable Frequency ◽  
Prony Method ◽  
Analysis Window ◽  
Proposed Modification ◽  
Selection Of

Variable-Frequency Prony Method in the Analysis of Electrical Power QualityThe article presents a new modification of the the least squares Prony method. The so-called variable-frequency Prony method can be a useful tool for estimating parameters of sinusoidal components, which, in the analyzed signal, are characterized by time-dependent frequencies. The authors propose use of the presented method for testing the quality of electric energy. It allows observation of phenomena which, when using traditional methods, are averaged in the analysis window. The proposed modification of least squares Prony method is based on introduction and specific selection of a frequency matrix. This matrix represents frequencies of estimated components and their variability in time.

scholarly journals Microbial Electrochemical Systems: Principles, Construction and Biosensing Applications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Rabeay Y.A. Hassan ◽  
Ferdinando Febbraio ◽  
Silvana Andreescu
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Electrochemical Systems ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Energy Environment ◽  
Microbial Electrochemical Systems ◽  
Selection Of

Microbial electrochemical systems are a fast emerging technology that use microorganisms to harvest the chemical energy from bioorganic materials to produce electrical power. Due to their flexibility and the wide variety of materials that can be used as a source, these devices show promise for applications in many fields including energy, environment and sensing. Microbial electrochemical systems rely on the integration of microbial cells, bioelectrochemistry, material science and electrochemical technologies to achieve effective conversion of the chemical energy stored in organic materials into electrical power. Therefore, the interaction between microorganisms and electrodes and their operation at physiological important potentials are critical for their development. This article provides an overview of the principles and applications of microbial electrochemical systems, their development status and potential for implementation in the biosensing field. It also provides a discussion of the recent developments in the selection of electrode materials to improve electron transfer using nanomaterials along with challenges for achieving practical implementation, and examples of applications in the biosensing field.

scholarly journals Biofilm forming ability of Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolated from community drinking water systems on plumbing materials used in water distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 942-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Gulati ◽  
Moushumi Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Sphingomonas Paucimobilis ◽  
Simulated Distribution ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Biofilm Development

Sphingomonas paucimobilis, an oligotroph, is well recognized for its potential for biofilm formation. The present study explored the biofilm forming ability of a strain isolated from municipal drinking water on plumbing materials. The intensity of biofilm formation of this strain on different plumbing materials was examined by using 1 × 1 cm2 pieces of six different pipe materials, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu) and rubber (R) and observing by staining with the chemical chromophore, Calcofluor. To understand whether biofilm formation occurs under flow through conditions, a laboratory-scale simulated distribution system, comprised of the above materials was fabricated. Biofilm samples were collected from the designed system at different biofilm ages (10, 40 and 90 hours old) and enumerated. The results indicated that the biofilm formation occurred on all plumbing materials with Cu and R as exceptions. The intensity of biofilm formation was found to be maximum on PVC followed by PP and PE. We also demonstrated the chemical chromophore (Calcofluor) successfully for rapid and easy visual detection of biofilms, validated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the plumbing materials. Chlorination has little effect in preventing biofilm development.

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