Influence of the microbial content of different precursory nuclei on the anaerobic granulation dynamics

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. El-Mamouni ◽  
R. Leduc ◽  
J. W. Costerton ◽  
S. R. Guiot
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Granulation Process ◽  
Principal Role ◽  
Fermentative Bacteria ◽  
Anaerobic Granule ◽  
Acetate Mixture ◽  
Anaerobic Granulation

Anaerobic granule nuclei enriched in either acidogens (AF), syntrophic consortia (SN), Methanosaeta spp. (MT) and Methanosarcina spp. (MN) were developed in four upflow bed filter reactors fed with sucrose, an ethanol/acetate mixture, acetate and methanol, respectively. The four developed granule nuclei presented different settling velocities: 3.2, 8.7, 10.5 and 11.3 m/h for the AF flocs, the MS-, the SN- and the MT-nuclei, respectively. The ash content represented 60%, 40%, 30% and 16% of dry weight for the MT-, MS-, SN-enriched nuclei, and AF flocs, respectively. Acidogenic flocs contained high amount of extracellular polymeric substances. The influence of these four different nuclei on the time course of complex granule development was investigated by shifting the feed carbon of all of the four reactors to sucrose. Granulation proceeded rapidly both on syntrophic and Methanosaeta nuclei. The largest granules (Sauter diameter of 2.36 mm), however, were obtained within the shortest period in the reactor started with syntrophic nuclei. These nuclei presented also the best colonization by fermentative bacteria as shown by the evolution of their glucotrophic activities. Less satisfying granulation was obtained on Methanosarcina nuclei. In contrast, granulation was significantly retarded when acidogens were used as precursors. From these results it appears that syntrophs and Methanosaeta spp. play the principal role in anaerobic granulation process.

Influence of synthetic and natural polymers on the anaerobic granulation process

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. El-Mamouni ◽  
R. Leduc ◽  
S. R. Guiot
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Granulation Process ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Synthetic And Natural Polymers ◽  
Anaerobic Granulation

The influence of synthetic Percol 763 and natural chitosan polymers on the granulation rate of suspended anaerobic sludge was studied in laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB)-like reactors. The results showed that supplementation of the reactors with polymers, either natural or synthetic, enhanced the granulation in comparison to control reactors (without the addition of polymers). A greater granulation was, however, obtained with chitosan compared to that with Percol 763. Chitosan yielded a granulation rate as high as 56 m/d compared to 35 m/d Percol 763. The superior granulation performance of chitosan was probably related to its polysaccharidic structure, hence acting similarly to the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in aggregating anaerobic sludge. The granules specific activities were enhanced in the reactors supplemented with both polymers compared to those in control reactors. Overall, the results showed that polymers play a more critical role than microbial trophic groups in enhancing anaerobic granulation in UASB-like reactors.

scholarly journals The effect of meal composition on the degree of satiation following a test meal and possible mechanisms involved

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. I. Driver
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
High Protein Meal ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Meal Composition

1. Possible links between metabolism and satiation were investigated using volunteer subjects given test meals based on milk solids. Satisfaction was rated by the subjects on a six-point scale and the course of metabolism was followed by measurement of the respiratory quotient (RQ).2. The time-course of satiation was the same for a high-carbohydrate, a high-fat and a high-protein meal, in spite of the very different time-course of metabolism. The degree of satiation was reduced by added sodium chloride, without affecting the RQ rise. On the other hand, calcium chloride produced a suppression of the RQ rise without altering the satiation.3. It is proposed that the results indicate that the primary receptors responsible for post-prandial satiation lie within the gut wall and that there is probably a number of receptor types. Likely candidates for these receptors are the gut hormone-secreting cells.4. Although very-low-protein meals produce less satiation than meals containing 220 g protein/kg dry weight, there is no additional satiation obtained by increasing the protein level further. This is not inconsistent with the possibility of a protein hunger separate from an energy hunger.

Infused salbutamol accentuates acid-induced lung injury in the rat

1986 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Braude ◽  
David Royston
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Infusion

1. The effect in the rat of salbutamol infusion (1 μg min−1 kg−1) on acid-induced lung injury has been determined. Severity of lung injury was assessed by two techniques: the pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetate (99mTc-DTPA) and the lung wet/dry weight ratio, giving indices of alveolar epithelial permeability and transendothelial water filtration respectively. 2. Mean half-time of clearance of 99mTc-DTPA was increased significantly in rats who had intratracheal acid-induced injury and control (saline) intravenous infusion (19.4 ± 2.6 min) compared with non-acid-treated rats (98.1 ± 7.2) (P < 0.0001). However, those animals who had intratracheal acid injury and subsequent salbutamol intravenous infusion had significantly faster clearance (11.5 ± 1.9) than the acid and control infusion group (P < 0.05). 3. Gravimetric lung water in the acid-only rats (expressed as wet/dry weight ratio) was increased significantly (6.4 ± 0.3) compared with the non-acid-treated controls (5.4 ± 0.2) (P < 0.01). Acid-treated rats who had salbutamol infused had dramatically increased lung water (10.0 ± 0.6) (P < 0.001 vs acid and control infusion). 4. Intravenous salbutamol infusion itself produced no significant difference in the results for both techniques, compared with the non-acid-treated time-course controls. 5. Infused salbutamol accentuates acid-induced lung injury in the rat. Possible factors responsible for these findings include β2-adrenergic agonist mediated inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and a predominant β1-adrenergic agonist inotropic effect of salbutamol with resultant rise in pulmonary artery pressure.

Characteristics of the canopy, root system and grain yield of a crop of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
P Farrington ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Parts

The time course of development of a lupin crop was studied at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. The aim was to gain insight into the crop factors influencing yield. Weekly measurements were made of numbers and weights of plant parts, and profiles of roots, leaf area and light interception. A profile of carbon dioxide in the crop atmosphere was taken at the time of maximum leaf area, and the net carbon dioxide exchange (NCE) of pods was estimated for three successive weeks. The crop took 10 weeks to attain a leaf area index (LAI) of 1 and a further 9 weeks to reach a maximum LAI of 3.75, at which time only 33% of daylight reached the pods on the main axis. Once the maximum LAI was attained at week 19, leaf fall accelerated and rapid grain filling commenced almost simultaneously on all of the three orders of axes which had formed pods. Measurements of NCE between pods on the main axis and the air suggest that the assimilation of external carbon dioxide by the pods contributed little to grain filling. Grain dry weight was 2100 kg ha-1 of which 30%, 60% and 10% came from the main axis, first and second order apical axes respectively. Only 23% of the flowers set pods and this constitutes an important physiological limitation to grain yield.

scholarly journals Analysis of Nutritional Composition in 23 Kinds of Edible Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Qiannan Yu ◽  
Meijuan Guo ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Standard Methods

To explore the differences in the main nutritional composition of 23 kinds of common edible fungi in the market, the moisture, ash, protein, fat, dietary fiber, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, and energy were analyzed using national standard methods. The results showed that the 23 kinds of edible fungi varied greatly in nutritional composition. Based on dry weight, the moisture content was 6.9∼15.5 g/100 g, the ash content ranged from 1.3 to 10.1 g/100 g, the protein content ranged from 8.5 to 36.9 g/100 g, the fat content was 0.5∼3.9 g/100 g, the dietary fiber content was between 14.4∼70.2 g/100 g, the carbohydrate content is 0.5∼37.3 g/100 g, the polysaccharide content was 2.1∼8.3 g/100 g, and the energy is about 751∼1322 100 g/kJ. All the 23 kinds of edible fungi can be regarded as high-protein low-fat foods, which have their own advantages in terms of nutritional value. This study provides reference for people to use edible fungi in a more scientific and reasonable way.

scholarly journals The effect of lime Ca(OH)2 to the constant of granulation rate (k) of Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) and its grain size distribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 05010
Author(s):  
Dasyri Pasmar ◽  
Noor Endah Mochtar ◽  
Ali Altway
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Rotation Rate ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Granulation Process

Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) is very hot and sticky mud-like substance produced by eruption of Kujung, Kalibeng, and Pucangan formations caused by well exploration for gas in Porong, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. LuSi submerged villages, industrial areas, and rice fields in Porong. The eruption is still taking place so that it needs more area and higher dike surrounded to retain the mud. Therefore, it is very urgent to use LuSi in huge volumes such as for borrowed materials. LuSi grain size and its strength, however, do not meet the borrowed materials requirement. Therefore, the grain size was improved using granulator drum and lime Ca(OH)2 was used to increase its strength. The grain size produced by granulator was affected by length, diameter, and rotation rate of granulator drum, and also by constant of granulation rate ‘k’ that was function of other parameters, inclination angle of granulator drum (S), moisture content (W), and water temperature (T). The results show that lime needed for stabilization is 10% of LuSi dry weight. The “k” is affected by lime where parameters (S) and (W) become smaller and (T) is higher. Lime also produces dryer granular, higher water resistance, and shorter granulation process. Besides, higher water temperature during granulation process is needed to develop bigger grain size for granular stabilized-LuSi.

Seasonal variation in ash and calorific content of Idotea baltica (Pallas) (Crustacea:Isopoda)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1917-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim W. Strong ◽  
Graham R. Daborn
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Idotea Baltica ◽  
Calorific Content

Ash, calorific, and carbonate contents were determined monthly for Idotea baltica from Cape Blomidon, N.S. Although changes in calories per gram dry weight (1 cal = 4.1868 J) were correlated with reproductive effort, variations in the ash-free calorific value were difficult to interpret because of considerable changes in ash content. In mature animals, variation in percent ash was apparently associated with gametogenesis but ash variation in immature animals could not be explained. The importance of adequate carbonate corrections in bomb calorimetry is emphasized.

Time-course accumulation of flavonoids in hydroponically grown Achillea millefolium L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Pedneault ◽  
Martine Dorais ◽  
Sébastien Léonhart ◽  
Paul Angers ◽  
André Gosselin
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Pedneault, K., Dorais, M., Léonhart, S., Angers, P. and Gosselin, A. 2014. Time-course accumulation of flavonoids in hydroponically grown Achillea millefolium L. Can. J. Plant. Sci. 94: 383–395. In recent decades, the use of plant-based medicines as health products has increased considerably all over the world. As greenhouse hydroponic culture allows standardized cultural methods to be used, it may be valuable for reducing the risks associated with harvesting medicinal plants from the wild, such as species dissemination, species misidentification, adulteration, and non-hygienic handling, while allowing the production of high yields of clean, standardized biomass year-round. To evaluate the potential of hydroponic culture for medicinal plant production, the present study investigated the accumulation patterns of apigenin, luteolin, apigenin glycosides, and the chlorogenic acid 5-caffeoylquinic acid in the plant organs of A. millefolium at five phenological stages from 35 to 102 d after sowing, and drew a comparison with outdoor-grown plants at 122 d after sowing. The results showed two flavonoid accumulation peaks: one at the early growth stage (35 d after sowing) and one at early flowering (87 d after sowing). At 87 d after sowing, most of the apigenin glycosides were concentrated in the roots (3.80% wt/wt, dry weight basis), whereas free apigenin and luteolin were located mainly in the flower heads (1.25 and 0.86% wt/wt, dry weight basis, respectively). Early flowering was the best harvesting stage for optimal flavonoid production in terms of active compounds per plant and kilograms of plant biomass per cultivated area. At 122 d after sowing (phenological stage 4), the outdoor-grown plants were nine times smaller than the early flowering plants (87 d after sowing) from the hydroponic system and had a root-tissue apigenin glycoside level that was five times lower than that of the hydroponically grown plants. In conclusion, the use of a hydroponic growing system reduced by 29% the time required to reach phenological stage 4, which corresponds to maximum plant bioactive concentration, in comparison with field production. Therefore, hydroponic culture represents an effective alternative to outdoor production and can result in standardized, high-quality medicinal plant biomass with potential flavonoid yields approximating 515 mg per plant.

scholarly journals Assessment of load and quality of logging residues from clear-felling areas in Järvselja: a case study from Southeast Estonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahur Kurvits ◽  
Katri Ots ◽  
Ahto Kangur ◽  
Henn Korjus ◽  
Peeter Muiste
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Small Admixture ◽  
Combustion Tests

AbstractThe properties of biomass-based fuel and combustion tests showed that logging residues are promising renewable energy sources. The data used in this study were collected from four clear-felling areas in Järvselja Training and Experimental Forest Centre, Southeast Estonia in 2013–2014. Logging was carried out by harvesters in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) dominated stands with a small admixture of other tree species according to the cut-to-length method and logging residues were placed in heaps. The aim of this research is to assess different characteristics of logging residues (quantity, moisture content, energetic potential, ash content and amount) in clear-felling areas. The highest load of slash was measured on the birch dominated study site, where the dry weight of the logging residues was 29 t ha−1. Only the branch fraction moisture content on the black alder dominated site (35.4%) was clearly different from respective values on other sites (21.6–25.4%). The highest calorific value of the residues was assessed with the residues from the birch dominated site, where in moist sample it was 365 GJ ha−1 and in dry matter 585 GJ ha−1. The heating value of the fresh residues is highest in coniferous trees. The highest ash content in branch segments was registered for the black alder dominated site. Järvselja data indicate higher quality in conifer dominated sites, yet a higher load of logging residues in broadleaf dominated stands.

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