Use of wastewater for crop production under arid and saline conditions: yield and hygienic quality of the crop and soil contaminations

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bouchaïb El Hamouri ◽  
Abderrahim Handouf ◽  
Mohamed Mekrane ◽  
Mohamed Touzani ◽  
Addi Khana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Irrigated Crops

Raw (RW) and Waste Stabilization Ponds treated wastewater (TW) were used in comparison with groundwater (Control) for crop production under arid and saline conditions without any chemical fertilization. Four irrigation methods namely, surface, drip (with 2 systems “Bas Rhône” and “Rain bird”) and sprinkler irrigation were compared on each water type. The results of the 3-year-experimentation period were: a) TW applications instead of groundwater attenuated the detrimental effect of water salinity on the crop; b) Drip irrigation, “Bas Rhône” system, showed the highest irrigation performances and crop yields; c) the morphology and the way the crop was conducted were found to play an important role in determining its final bacteriological quality; d) TW irrigated crops and soils did not show any helminth eggs contaminations and e) Faecal coliforms were not isolated from the TW irrigated soil beyond the limit of 0.25 m.

Waste stabilization ponds in France: a report on fifteen years experience

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Racault ◽  
C. Boutin ◽  
A. Seguin
Keyword(s):  
Load Level ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
System Type ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Output Load

In 1992, a survey was conducted on the performance of waste stabilization ponds in France. The data selected come from a sample of 178 ponds, with an average capacity of 600 p.e., throughout France. For each plant, one or several input--output load measurements over a 24-h period are available. The average organic load level received is approximately 25 kg BOD/ha.d, representing 50% of the nominal load. The quality of the treated water is presented based on the type of sewerage system feeding the ponds. The results appear dispersed, however; in 70% of the cases the concentrations in COD and BOD on filtered samples are under 120 mg/l and 40 mg/l, respectively, and the concentration in TSS under 120 mg/l (discharge standards in France for waste stabilization ponds). The reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are on average from 60% to 70%. The influence of different parameters (sewerage system type, organic load, season, age of plant, etc.) was studied. The results appear noticeably worse when the ponds receive wastewater from a strictly separate sewerage system.

The potential for water hyacinth to improve the quality of Bogota River water in the Muña Reservoir: comparison with the performance of waste stabilization ponds

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Giraldo ◽  
A. Garzón
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide Removal ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Almost All

The potential application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in organic matter degradation, sedimentation, nutrient and heavy metal absorption and sulfur reduction in the Muña Reservoir has been tested in experimental lagoons. The lagoons were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 6, 9 and 15 days. One lagoon was covered with Water Hyacinth, which is naturally growing in the Muña Reservoir, while another lagoon was operated as a conventional oxidation pond. The Water Hyacinth lagoon had better removal efficiencies for almost all parameters measured: BOD5, total suspended solids, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals. The oxidation lagoon was facultative for HRT of 9 and 15 days, and anoxic when operated at 6 days HRT. At HRT of 15 days the water quality in the effluent of the covered lagoon corresponded to 12 mg/l of BOD, 6 mg/l of suspended solids and 0.8 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide levels in the Muña reservoir can be substantially reduced at HRT higher than 15 days in both lagoons. The uncovered lagoon had better hydrogen sulfide removal during the day but presents high levels at night. If the hydraulic retention time in the Muña reservoir is increased, the water quality of the Bogota river can be substantially improved for all the HRTs tested in the pilot units. HRT seems to give a better prediction of overall effluent water quality than surface loading. More research is needed in order to define the optimum water hyacinth density in the Muña reservoir to determine its influence on the water quality of the effluent. The influence is expected to be negative due to an internal increase of BOD, solids, nutrients and metals loads due to plant decay.

Domestic wastewater treatment in waste stabilization ponds for irrigation in Mendoza, Argentina: policies and challenges

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.R. Vélez ◽  
G.E. Fasciolo ◽  
A.V. Bertranou
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Domestic Effluents ◽  
Set Up

Arid areas call for imaginative water management solutions to avoid the dangers of water shortages. Growing demands of water for domestic and industrial uses decrease the availability of water for agriculture. It therefore becomes necessary to set up a policy for the use of domestic effluents. For the province of Mendoza, Argentina, with 1,500,000 inhabitants, a master plan was designed as of 1991 for the treatment of domestic effluents and subsequent disposal for irrigation. The guidelines set up by WHO for the use of wastewater in agricultural applications were taken into consideration. At present, the Province of Mendoza has available projects which are either complete, in execution or in the bidding process, entailing secondary treatment capacity with reuse of 320,000 cubic metres/day and an estimated possible irrigation area of 10,000 hectares. With this infrastructure, some strategic lines of action are recommended to establish a policy for the agricultural use of wastewater: (a) to program the use of treated wastewater to avoid discharges to irrigation flows; (b) to develop an institutional scheme for the efficient and safe use of these waters; and (c) develop scientific and technologic know-how to accompany the updated policies.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS IN REMOVAL OF LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SALFONATE (LAS)

2013 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohmed Abdelrahman ◽  
Ahmed Mohmed ◽  
Ali Gad ◽  
Mohmed Hashem
Keyword(s):  
Common Property ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Alkyl Benzene ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate ◽  
Linear Alkyl Benzene ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Waste Stabilization

Detergents contain synthetic or organic surface active agents called surfactants, which are derived from petroleum product precursors. They have the common property of lowering the surface tensions of water thus allowing dirt or grease adhered to various articles to be washed off. Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) is an anionic surfactant most commonly used. Discharge of raw or treated wastewater containing this chemical into the environment causes major public health and enviromental problems. In this study, samples were taken from the raw wastewater and effluents of treatment ponds of Elzaraby waste stabilization ponds over a period of one year. The treated effluent is either discharged into surface waters or reused for agricultural irrigation. The samples were analyzed according to the standard methods. The results obtained from the samples taken in different seasons showed that the highest overall removal efficiency of LAS was achieved in the summer season (77%), and the least efficiency observed in the Winter season (55%), while the maximum overall efficiency of BOD5 was in summer (88%) and minimum efficiency was (73%) in winter season. The Dissolved oxygen concentrations along the pond series (DO) ranged between 0.18 to 4.8 mg/l.

Aerated rock filters for enhanced nitrogen and faecal coliform removal from facultative waste stabilization pond effluents

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Johnson ◽  
D.D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
The Uk

Facultative waste stabilization ponds in the UK, loaded at 80 kg BOD/ha day, produce effluents which comply with the European Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (i.e., ≤25 mg filtered BOD/l and ≤150 mg SS/l). However, the Environment Agency of England and Wales typically requires a higher effluent quality of ≤40 mg/l unfiltered BOD and ≤60 mg/l SS, both on a 95-percentile basis. An ammonium-nitrogen requirement might also be applied. Traditionally, maturation ponds and reedbeds have been used to upgrade facultative pond effluents, requiring large land areas. This paper describes and compares aerated and unaerated rock filter performance for BOD, SS, nitrogen and faecal coliform removals, and highlights the land-saving opportunities as maturation ponds and reedbeds become redundant.

Wastewater treatment by pond systems: experiences in Catalonia, Spain

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. García ◽  
R. Mujeriego ◽  
A. Bourrouet ◽  
G. Peñuelas ◽  
A. Freixes
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Limited Operator ◽  
Very High

An evaluation of the 24 existing pond systems for treatment of urban wastewater in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) was conducted in 1997-1998. The evaluation covered 13 aerated ponds, 7 waste stabilization ponds (WSP), and 4 maturation ponds added to conventional biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The technical characteristics of the pond systems were obtained through a survey completed during several visits to the plants. Performance data was supplied by the Catalonia Wastewater Agency and the monthly monitoring campaigns conducted during 12 months in five WWTP. The average ratio of water surface to population equivalent (p-e) is 1.3 m2/p-e for aerated ponds, 9.6 m2/p-e for WSP and 1.7 m2/p-e for maturation ponds added to conventional WWTP. Average electrical energy consumption is 0.5 kW.h/m3 for aerated ponds and 0.04 kW.h/m3 for WSP (when wastewater has to be pumped from the sewer). Most of the WSP show an inadequate level O & M, because the very limited operator attendance (0.6 h/dayon average) as compared to aerated ponds (3.2 h/day on average). Effluent quality of aerated ponds (31 mg SS/l and 22 mg BOD5/l, on average) is usually better that of WSP (100 mg SS/l and 67 mg BOD5/l, on average). Most of the WSP are overloaded, with only two of the pond systems receiving less than 50 kg BOD5/ha. Facultative WSP show a better performance than anaerobic WSP; anaerobic WSP have very high overloading conditions (with more than 250 kg BOD5/ha.d). Average effluent quality of all the pond systems studied comply with European Union standards.

Evaluation of the WHO nematode egg guidelines for restricted and unrestricted irrigation

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula J. Blumenthal ◽  
D. Duncan Mara ◽  
Rachel M. Ayres ◽  
Enrique Cifuentes ◽  
Anne Peasey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Wild Vegetables ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Guideline Quality ◽  
Who Guideline ◽  
Raw Wastewater

Epidemiological studies were conducted in Mexico to assess the health risks associated with restricted crop irrigation using raw and treated wastewaters. Experimental studies were done in northeast Brazil and Leeds, in which Ascaris lumbricoides contamination of lettuces spray-irrigated with raw wastewater and waste stabilization pond effluents containing different helminthological qualities was determined (Brazil); and Ascaridia galli infection was monitored in immunosuppressed chickens fed lettuces spray-irrigated with water containing different A. galli egg numbers (Leeds). The results indicate that the WHO guideline quality of ≤ 1 egg per litre protects crop consumers, but not necessarily fieldworkers and their families especially children. This is particularly the case when wastewater treatment systems are not stable, when recontamination of the partially treated wastewater with small quantities of raw wastewater may occur, and when wild vegetables are harvested and consumed. In such cases a stricter guideline quality of ≤ 0.5 egg per litre may be required.

Performance Evaluation of Pilot Waste Stabilization Ponds in Subtropical Region

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1717-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Khan ◽  
S. I. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization

This research investigation was aimed at demonstrating the technical feasibility of facultative waste stabilization ponds under the climatic conditions of subtropical region. A pilot plant was designed and constructed at the Karachi University Campus for the treatment of domestic wastewater. An intensive analytical programme was followed for ten months for evaluating performance efficiency of the facultative ponding system. The algal-bacterial symbiotic system performed satisfactorily and provided effluent with total BOD5 ranging between 26-76 mg/L, total COD ranging between 59-197 mg/L, TKN ranging between 5.35-47.82 mg/L, NH3-N ranging between 0.23-28.98 mg/L, and PO4-P between 1.41-6.76 mg/L. The maximum efficiency achieved for the removal of coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci was 99.99%. The study demonstrated that high BOD5 loading of 507 kg/ha d was possible without deteriorating the quality of performance. It was particularly observed that wind velocity had a pronounced effect on the overall efficiency of the system. It was concluded that facultative ponding system is strongly feasible for this part of the world for the treatment of wastewater.

DECOLOURIZATION AND COD REMOVAL OF WASEWATER FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM MOLASSES BY COAGULANTION USING INORGANIC ALUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Trung Duc Le
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Treatment Step ◽  
Main Material

The industrial production of ethanol by fermentation using molasses as main material that generates large quantity of wastewater. This wastewater contains high levels of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD), that may causes serious environmental pollution. Most available treatment processes in Vietnam rely on biological methods, which often fail to treat waste water up to discharge standard. As always, it was reported that quality of treated wastewater could not meet Vietnameses discharge standard. So, it is necessary to improve the treatment efficiency of whole technological process and therefore, supplemental physico-chemical treatment step before biodegradation stage should be the appropriate choice. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coagulation process on decolourization and COD removal in molasses-based ethanol production wastewater using inorganic coaglutant under laboratory conditions. The experimental results showed that the reductions of COD and colour with the utilization of Al2(SO4)3 at pH 9.5 were 83% and 70%, respectively. Mixture FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 at pH 8.5 reduced 82% of colour and 70% of COD. With the addition of Polyacrylamide (PAM), the reduction efficiencies of colour, COD and turbidity by FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 were 87%, 73.1% and 94.1% correspondingly. It was indicated that PAM significantly reduced the turbidity of wastewater, however it virtually did not increase the efficiencies of colour and COD reduction. Furthermore, the coagulation processes using PAM usually produces a mount of sludge which is hard to be deposited.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document