Aerated rock filters for enhanced nitrogen and faecal coliform removal from facultative waste stabilization pond effluents

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Johnson ◽  
D.D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
The Uk

Facultative waste stabilization ponds in the UK, loaded at 80 kg BOD/ha day, produce effluents which comply with the European Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (i.e., ≤25 mg filtered BOD/l and ≤150 mg SS/l). However, the Environment Agency of England and Wales typically requires a higher effluent quality of ≤40 mg/l unfiltered BOD and ≤60 mg/l SS, both on a 95-percentile basis. An ammonium-nitrogen requirement might also be applied. Traditionally, maturation ponds and reedbeds have been used to upgrade facultative pond effluents, requiring large land areas. This paper describes and compares aerated and unaerated rock filter performance for BOD, SS, nitrogen and faecal coliform removals, and highlights the land-saving opportunities as maturation ponds and reedbeds become redundant.

Wastewater treatment by pond systems: experiences in Catalonia, Spain

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. García ◽  
R. Mujeriego ◽  
A. Bourrouet ◽  
G. Peñuelas ◽  
A. Freixes
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Limited Operator ◽  
Very High

An evaluation of the 24 existing pond systems for treatment of urban wastewater in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) was conducted in 1997-1998. The evaluation covered 13 aerated ponds, 7 waste stabilization ponds (WSP), and 4 maturation ponds added to conventional biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The technical characteristics of the pond systems were obtained through a survey completed during several visits to the plants. Performance data was supplied by the Catalonia Wastewater Agency and the monthly monitoring campaigns conducted during 12 months in five WWTP. The average ratio of water surface to population equivalent (p-e) is 1.3 m2/p-e for aerated ponds, 9.6 m2/p-e for WSP and 1.7 m2/p-e for maturation ponds added to conventional WWTP. Average electrical energy consumption is 0.5 kW.h/m3 for aerated ponds and 0.04 kW.h/m3 for WSP (when wastewater has to be pumped from the sewer). Most of the WSP show an inadequate level O & M, because the very limited operator attendance (0.6 h/dayon average) as compared to aerated ponds (3.2 h/day on average). Effluent quality of aerated ponds (31 mg SS/l and 22 mg BOD5/l, on average) is usually better that of WSP (100 mg SS/l and 67 mg BOD5/l, on average). Most of the WSP are overloaded, with only two of the pond systems receiving less than 50 kg BOD5/ha. Facultative WSP show a better performance than anaerobic WSP; anaerobic WSP have very high overloading conditions (with more than 250 kg BOD5/ha.d). Average effluent quality of all the pond systems studied comply with European Union standards.

Waste stabilization ponds in France: a report on fifteen years experience

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Racault ◽  
C. Boutin ◽  
A. Seguin
Keyword(s):  
Load Level ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
System Type ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Output Load

In 1992, a survey was conducted on the performance of waste stabilization ponds in France. The data selected come from a sample of 178 ponds, with an average capacity of 600 p.e., throughout France. For each plant, one or several input--output load measurements over a 24-h period are available. The average organic load level received is approximately 25 kg BOD/ha.d, representing 50% of the nominal load. The quality of the treated water is presented based on the type of sewerage system feeding the ponds. The results appear dispersed, however; in 70% of the cases the concentrations in COD and BOD on filtered samples are under 120 mg/l and 40 mg/l, respectively, and the concentration in TSS under 120 mg/l (discharge standards in France for waste stabilization ponds). The reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are on average from 60% to 70%. The influence of different parameters (sewerage system type, organic load, season, age of plant, etc.) was studied. The results appear noticeably worse when the ponds receive wastewater from a strictly separate sewerage system.

The potential for water hyacinth to improve the quality of Bogota River water in the Muña Reservoir: comparison with the performance of waste stabilization ponds

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Giraldo ◽  
A. Garzón
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide Removal ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Almost All

The potential application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in organic matter degradation, sedimentation, nutrient and heavy metal absorption and sulfur reduction in the Muña Reservoir has been tested in experimental lagoons. The lagoons were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 6, 9 and 15 days. One lagoon was covered with Water Hyacinth, which is naturally growing in the Muña Reservoir, while another lagoon was operated as a conventional oxidation pond. The Water Hyacinth lagoon had better removal efficiencies for almost all parameters measured: BOD5, total suspended solids, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals. The oxidation lagoon was facultative for HRT of 9 and 15 days, and anoxic when operated at 6 days HRT. At HRT of 15 days the water quality in the effluent of the covered lagoon corresponded to 12 mg/l of BOD, 6 mg/l of suspended solids and 0.8 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide levels in the Muña reservoir can be substantially reduced at HRT higher than 15 days in both lagoons. The uncovered lagoon had better hydrogen sulfide removal during the day but presents high levels at night. If the hydraulic retention time in the Muña reservoir is increased, the water quality of the Bogota river can be substantially improved for all the HRTs tested in the pilot units. HRT seems to give a better prediction of overall effluent water quality than surface loading. More research is needed in order to define the optimum water hyacinth density in the Muña reservoir to determine its influence on the water quality of the effluent. The influence is expected to be negative due to an internal increase of BOD, solids, nutrients and metals loads due to plant decay.

Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.W. Pearson ◽  
S.T. Silva Athayde ◽  
G.B. Athayde ◽  
S.A. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Pathogen Removal ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
H2s Production ◽  
Final Effluent

Studies on experimental primary facultative ponds showed that varying the depth from 1.25 m to 2.3 m had no effect on the rates of BOD removal. In contrast k values for FC removal rates were higher in the shallower (1.25 m) facultative ponds. The risk of odour release via H2S production was higher in the 2.2 m ponds than the 1.25 m ponds and NH3 removal was much better in the 1.25 m facultative ponds. A comparison of the efficiency of shallow 5-pond series (1.0 m and 0.61 m deep) with a 2.2 m deep series showed that the shallow systems were more efficient at FC removal, but the deeper series actually saved land area for the same FC final effluent quality under tropical conditions. However, efficient nutrient removal (N and P) only occurred in the shallow series and effluent standards for nutrient concentrations are unlikely to be met by 2.2 m deep 5-pond series in contrast to the norms for pathogen removal.

Comparative design and performance analysis of three different in configuration waste stabilization ponds pilot units in a Mediterranean-temperate climate

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Parissopoulos ◽  
A. Papadopoulos ◽  
F. Papadopoulos ◽  
A. Karteris
Keyword(s):  
Warm Period ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
And Performance

The performance of three waste stabilization ponds (WSP) treatment units (lines A, B, C) for a period of two years is presented. The above units were part of a research and demonstration project in North Greece concerning wastewater treatment with natural systems and effluent reuse for irrigation. Line A consisted of a deep anaerobic pond followed by a facultative and two maturation ponds. The anaerobic pond supplied with 120 m3/d was also feeding line B at a ratio 1:3 (line A: line B). Line B had the same design features with line A but with a recirculation of effluent. The third unit fed with primary treated effluent at a rate of 50m3/d from the WWTP of Thessaloniki was consisted of a facultative and two maturation ponds. In the anaerobic pond the BOD5, COD, SS, TC and FC mean reduction was 28%, 42%, 58%, 31% and 36% for the cold period (T<10°C) and 45%, 53%, 72%, 67% and 71% for the warm period (T>10°C) respectively. In line A, the BOD5, COD, SS, TC and FC total reduction was 98%, 89%, 93%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the cold and 98%, 85%, 88%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the warm period. In line B the reduction was 92%, 86%, 88%, 98.5% and 98.82% for the cold and 96%, 88%, 83%, 99.95% and 99.97% for the warm period. In line C the reduction of the same parameters was 92%, 64%, 40%, 99.88% and 99.96% for the cold and 92%, 59%, 22%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the warm period. The effluent quality was further improved with the use of a storage reservoir and a slow sand filter and reused successfully for crop irrigation.

Water Column Sampling as a Rapid and Efficient Method of Determining Effluent Quality and the Performance of Waste Stabilization Ponds

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Pearson ◽  
D. D. Mara ◽  
A. Konig ◽  
R. de Oliveira ◽  
S. W. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Entire Depth ◽  
The Individual

Diurnal series of samples of the effluent and the total in-pond water column of facultative and maturation ponds were analysed for COD, suspended solids, faecal coliforms, chlorophyll and ammonia with a view to finding the most efficient way of obtaining reliable mean daily effluent quality data. The results show that individual samples representative of the entire depth of the pond water column taken at any time of day provided reasonably accurate mean daily effluent values for all the parameters measured when compared with the mean values for effluent quality calculated from a series of grab effluent samples collected throughout the day. The same could not be said for the individual grab effluent samples since they varied considerably. The reasons for these differences are discussed as are the benefits of pond water column sampling for monitoring a number of series of ponds at different locations.

The impact of pond depth and environmental conditions on sunlight inactivation of Escherichia coli and enterococci in wastewater in a warm climate

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1364-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ynoussa Maïga ◽  
Joseph Wethe ◽  
Kokou Denyigba ◽  
Aboubakar Sidiki Ouattara
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Light Damage ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Faecal Indicators

Microcosm experiments were carried out under dark and real sunlight conditions in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) to investigate the survival of faecal indicators ( Escherichia coli and enterococci) in secondary wastewater. Light damage was estimated by loss of bacterial culturability. The results clearly show that sunlight has a deleterious effect on the survival of both indicators. The mean dark inactivation coefficients for E. coli and enterococci were 0.045 and 0.047 h–1,respectively, whereas inactivation coefficients in the shallowest microcosm (0.1 m) in illuminated conditions were 0.796 and 0.559 h–1, respectively. No significant effect of pond depth (0.1–0.9 m) on the inactivation of both indicators was observed in the dark. However, the effect of depth was significant in the microcosms exposed to sunlight, probably because of attenuation. In illuminated conditions, enterococci were broadly inactivated more rapidly than E. coli (T90 = 26.81 h for E. coli and 15.67 h for enterococci in the 0.4 m microcosm). However, E. coli presented greater variability in the survival capabilities, suggesting difficulties in interpreting data using only E. coli as an indicator. Therefore, the use of both indicators together should be advisable for the assessment of effluent quality from waste stabilization ponds in the Sahelian region.

Use of wastewater for crop production under arid and saline conditions: yield and hygienic quality of the crop and soil contaminations

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bouchaïb El Hamouri ◽  
Abderrahim Handouf ◽  
Mohamed Mekrane ◽  
Mohamed Touzani ◽  
Addi Khana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Irrigated Crops

Raw (RW) and Waste Stabilization Ponds treated wastewater (TW) were used in comparison with groundwater (Control) for crop production under arid and saline conditions without any chemical fertilization. Four irrigation methods namely, surface, drip (with 2 systems “Bas Rhône” and “Rain bird”) and sprinkler irrigation were compared on each water type. The results of the 3-year-experimentation period were: a) TW applications instead of groundwater attenuated the detrimental effect of water salinity on the crop; b) Drip irrigation, “Bas Rhône” system, showed the highest irrigation performances and crop yields; c) the morphology and the way the crop was conducted were found to play an important role in determining its final bacteriological quality; d) TW irrigated crops and soils did not show any helminth eggs contaminations and e) Faecal coliforms were not isolated from the TW irrigated soil beyond the limit of 0.25 m.

scholarly journals Experimental Plants for Very Small Communities: Choice and Design Criteria for Five Different Processes

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Boutin ◽  
A. Liénard ◽  
J. L. Ramain ◽  
L. Beyeler
Keyword(s):  
Water Jet ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Land Treatment ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Reed Bed

Waste stabilization ponds and land treatment seepage, which are generally used for very small communities, are being used less frequently due to their specificity and their lack of suitability in certain cases (ground characteristics, available space, fragile receiving bodies, etc.) This article gives the choice criteria for the proposed new series for 5 communities sized between 50 and 400 p.e. (person equivalents), together with a detailed description of the facilities:-septic tank + covered infiltration bed-horizontal settling-digestion tank + covered infiltration bed-settling-digestion tank (Imhof tank) + trickling filter + infiltration bed-pond + covered infiltration bed-reed bed filters in addition to the design of the infiltration beds and discussion of the investment costs. All the series had to achieve the following effluent quality levels:COD = 90 mg/l, BOD5 = 30 mg/l, TSS = 30 mg/l, N-NK = 40 mg/l For the time being, the difficulties encountered are of a technical nature and concern the infiltration beds' feeder devices which do not produce a flat water jet that gives even spreading.

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