Domestic Effluent Treatment through Integrated System of Septic Tank and Root Zone

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz S. Philippi ◽  
Rejane H. R. da Costa ◽  
Pablo H. Sezerino
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Domestic Effluent

According to national statistical data, only 10% of the Brazilian urban population have their sewage treated. In the rural areas, where people usually treat sewage trough septic tank systems, this value is not greater than 5%. This situation, therefore, depicts a lack of basic sanitation in Brazil, which, in turn, is responsible for the utilisation of individual systems for the treatment of sewage by more than 100 million people. Generally, soils and water rivers are, no longer, the last fate for the discharged effluents. Wetland system for the treatment of domestic sewage have been employed in different situations and arrangements (combined system) always showing outstanding performances. The reasons which qualify this system for the treatment of effluents have been attributed to its low cost, easy maintenance and operation. The experiment was carried out in the Agriculture Secretary's Training Center, Santa Catarina State, responsible for servicing approximately 66 people daily, and was fed with local effluent. This work assesses the efficacy of such a kind of system, which is composed of a septic tank followed by the root zone, in the treatment of liquid effluents.

The Advantages of a Compact Filter for Individual or Semi-Collective Waste Water Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fazio ◽  
G. Warot ◽  
P. Vander Borght
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Surface Distribution

In certain rural areas, collective water treatment is not an economically viable solution due to the cost of the water collection facilities (difficult terrain, distance between the houses); for various reasons, however, the traditional individual water treatment system is not highly regarded (bad installation, insufficient maintenance, …) and thus, work has been carried out to develop a high-performance and compact alternative solution for domestic waste water treatment. This alternative system makes use of a compact sand filter installed downstream from the septic tank, the filter's performance is based on supply regulation and improvement of the waste's surface distribution. Hydraulic laboratory studies and follow-up on a testing stand using real effluent have enabled us to develop a standardized compact system which is suitable for use in most terrains. The filter's purification performance is outstanding; at a daily supply rate of 150 l/m2, the average purification yields are over 90 % for COD, BOD, NH4, NKT From the bacteriological point of view, bacterial contamination is also significantly reduced. Laboratory tests are being carried out at present, with the aim of further improving purification by inducing a denitrification process enabling reduction of nitrate levels. This system's compact overall dimensions and relatively low cost mean that it can be used not only for individual waste water treatment but also for effluent treatment for small communities (≤ 400 inhabitant equivalent).

scholarly journals Effect of turbidity on ultraviolet disinfection of domestic wastewater for agricultural reuse

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Diego Fernando Atoche Garay ◽  
Lisiana Crivelenti Voltolini ◽  
Reinaldo Gaspar Bastos ◽  
Claudinei Fonseca Souza
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Uv Dose ◽  
Domestic Effluent

Water treatment and reuse are fundamental because of the increasing demand for freshwater, especially in agriculture. Accordingly, this study evaluated the effects of turbidity of wastewater processed at the Effluent Treatment Station (ETE) of the UFSCar/Araras and of UV dose on microbial inactivation. The ETE treats up to 2000 L of wastewater daily from toilets and a university restaurant and has five components (grease box, septic tank, microalgae tank, upflow anaerobic filter, and wetlands). Pretreated effluents were used in the experiments, and sampling sites consisted of inspection boxes located after the wetlands. Sample collection, inspection, preservation, and analyses were performed according to standard methods. Sample turbidity was adjusted to 5, 50, 100, 200, and 300 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), and UV doses of 7.2–28.8 mWs cm-2 were used. A 5 x 5 factorial design (five turbidity levels and five radiation doses) was used, totaling 25 treatments. Each treatment was performed in triplicate. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. The results showed that the increase in turbidity significantly decreased disinfection efficiency in samples with turbidity levels higher than 50 NTU. The microbial inactivation coefficients obtained here can be extrapolated to disinfection of wastewater with turbidity up to 300 NTU to eliminate thermotolerant coliforms. The UV sterilizer is feasible for wastewater treatment and its reuse in agriculture. Keywords: domestic effluent, sustainability, ultraviolet radiation, water reuse.

scholarly journals Revision on Basic Sanitation of the Municipalities of the Babitonga Bay Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Alessandra Pfuetzenreuter
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Basic Sanitation

The National Plan for Basic Sanitation is based on the regulation of basic sanitation in all national municipalities, based on the principles of water supply, sewage, urban cleaning and solid waste management, ensuring the safety and health of the population. This study was based on a bibliographical review of the municipal solid waste and basic sanitation plans of the six municipalities around Babitonga Bay. All municipalities analyzed have companies responsible for water treatment. The six municipalities evaluated have a water treatment plant, with reservoir. The extension of the water network, adding all the municipalities is of 2,610,668 meters. However, it does not yet cover the entire population, which is why some residents still collect water from wells, springs, and others. Only Joinville and Araquari, have a sewage collection system with treatment plant. Although all municipalities are adapting to the effluent treatment system, none of them are consolidated in the plan, most of which have individual treatment systems (septic tank) as the final disposal of the municipalities’ sewage. All six municipalities in the vicinity of Babitonga Bay have solid waste collection and only Balneário Barra do Sul, do not have a selective collection of solid waste. Keywords: Municipal Plans; Water treatment, Basic sanitation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficiency of a Septic Tank Combined with Anaerobic Filter, Filled with Plastic Residue, Including a Root Zone

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-141
Author(s):  
Vivian Silva Lira ◽  
Alice Gabriela Freire ◽  
Renata Fracácio ◽  
Leandro Cardoso Morais
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Ceriodaphnia Dubia ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Anaerobic Filter ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
Domestic Effluent

Considering the damages resulting from the dumping of waste in natura in the bodies of water and soil, an alternative system of treatment of domestic effluent with septic tank and an anaerobic filter was installed, following a root zone. The evaluation of the efficiency of the system was based on analyzes of the physical, chemical, biological variables and ecotoxicological tests (toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia). The conductivity values decreased after treatment (83.4%), from 3380 to 561 µS cm-1. The average efficiency of removal of organic matter was 88.75% and there was a significant decrease in BOD. The removal of phosphorus was 97.68% and nitrogen was 94.7%. The toxicity tests determined an LC50 = 1.70% for the raw effluent and in the treated effluent, an LC50 = 16.63%. The system achieved good efficiency in the reduction of all analyzed parameters. The use of a plastic residue as a filter element has proved quite feasible.

Load limit of a UASB fed septic tank-treated domestic wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1455-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Prasad Lohani ◽  
Rune Bakke ◽  
Sanjay N. Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Combined System

Performance of a 250 L pilot-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, operated at ambient temperatures, fed septic tank effluents intermittently, was monitored for hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 18 h to 4 h. The total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (CODT), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODdis) and suspended chemical oxygen demand (CODss) removal efficiencies ranged from 20 to 63%, 15 to 56%, 8 to 35% and 22 to 72%, respectively, for the HRT range tested. Above 60% TSS and 47% CODT removal were obtained in the combined septic tank and UASB process. The process established stable UASB treatment at HRT ≥ 6 h, indicating a hydraulic load design limit. The tested septic tank–UASB combined system can be a low-cost and effective on-site sanitation solution.

Sewage Treatment in Helophyte Beds–First Experiences with a New Treatment Procedure

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bucksteeg
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Operation Conditions

Waste water treatment in helophyte beds under humid climate conditions has been favoured by some German ecologists for some years. The idea is to cause waste water to flow horizontally through the root zone of helophytes to achieve satisfactory effluent properties. There exist many highly different proposals regarding the choice of soil and helophytes to be applied, bed area, design of inlets and outlets and operation conditions. A few plants have been operated in practice for some years. It appears that clogging is one of the main problems occurring in these plants. The hydraulic uptake capacity of soil is discussed in Darcy's law. Comparisons with observations of plants in operation are drawn. The interactions between soil properties, its uptake capacity, BOD5-, COD-, N- and P-reduction are evaluated. The effluent results of helophyte beds are compared with those of low-loaded trickling filters and of ponds used for sewage treatment in small villages in rural areas of Germany. It has been proved that the total construction costs of sewage treatment plants with helophyte beds used as the biological stage are higher when compared with those of conventional plants in general.

scholarly journals Aquaculture Feeds Can Be Outlaws for Eutrophication When Hidden in Rice Fields? A Case Study in Qianjiang, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu ◽  
Hu ◽  
Song ◽  
Chen ◽  
Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Water Eutrophication

Water eutrophication caused by agricultural production has become one of the most important factors that impede sustainable rural environmental governance in China. As a result, the Chinese central and local governments want to reduce the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and gain socioeconomical profit simultaneously by promoting crayfish and rice integrated system (CRIS) in the rural areas with abundant water resources. In this article, we investigated whether CRIS in Qianjiang, Hubei, the origin place of the system in China, contributes to fulfilling the governments’ expectations. We found that CRIS efficaciously cuts the fertilizer rate in rice production and boosts farmers’ incomes because crayfish has a demand for water quality and holds a large internal market requirement. However, higher profit encourages farmers to expand crayfish production and thus discourages the initiatives in rice production. The area of the ditch for crayfish production expands ceaselessly and exceeds the limit of regulation of CRIS. As a result, the CRIS in the areas has emerged as a practice of aquaculture but in farmland. This is a regulatory gap. The input–output analysis of CRIS by material balance method can also reveal that excessive feed for crayfish has become a new source of agricultural pollution. Beyond that, due to the changed irrigation system and increased water exchange frequency of CRIS, the pollution has transformed from passive distribution to active, which will increase the risk of water eutrophication on a large area.

Key Techniques of Integral Lifting of Steel Tube Arch for Zhuzhou Bridge in Baise

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 3040-3044
Author(s):  
Yan Feng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Construction Sequence ◽  
Synchronous System ◽  
Rigid Frame ◽  
Key Techniques

Superstructure of Zhuzhou Bridge in Baise is a combined system with strong beam and weak arch. It is combined by concrete arches of continuous rigid frame-steel tube. The construction sequence is first the beam then arch, finally the temporary pier is demolished to form the combined system. The middle three parts of steel tube arch rib in the middle span were assembled to a large unity, and it was integrally lifted by synchronous system of hoisting jack to reach positive stop. The techniques have the characteristics of fast, safe and low cost.

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