Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa on different septic tank effluents from rural areas for lipids production and pollutants removal

2021 ◽  
pp. 125502
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bo Tan ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Xi-Ping Wan ◽  
Xiao-Ni Zhou ◽  
Li-Bin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Pollutants Removal ◽  
Lipids Production

scholarly journals MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS APPLIED AT THE SCHOOL OF THE UBERLAND-AMERICAN FIELD OF CONSUMER UNDERGROUND WATER QUALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 833-847
Author(s):  
M. S. MEDEIROS ◽  
A. C. GOULART ◽  
I. S. PACHECO ◽  
F. A. AMARAL ◽  
S. C. CANOBRE
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Artesian Wells

The decrease of the water available for human consumption is directly related to the unregulated and unconscious action from the man himself. In rural areas, this depreciation is related to inappropriate conditions of artesian wells that capture the water (old wells and poorly sealed) and which are usually close to sources of pollution, such as septic tanks and animal grazing. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of underground water samples made available for consumption in three schools in the field next to the municipality of Uberlândia-MG. Methodologically, the data were statistically processed by means of descriptive and multivariate analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient). All schools are supplied by an artesian well, being carried out simplified treatment (chlorination mechanism of chemical treatment). In only one of the schools was identified the presence of a septic tank sewage collection system. Of samples evaluated, all were at odds with the standards laid down in annex XX of the Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 of the Ministry of health (old law 2,914/2011) in at least one of the parameters evaluated. Therefore, the results reflect the possibility of biological contamination of the water by grazing areas located in the region close to the wells, as well as the need for emerging measures, such as regular cleaning and maintenance of storage systems and distribution of the water consumed in the institutions.

Planted Soil Filter – A Wastewater Treatment System for Rural Areas

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Netter
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent

Three planted soil filters for wastewater treatment (constructed wetlands with subsurface water flow) were investigated over an extended period of time. Each of them was filled with different kinds of soil. The filters were planted with helophytes, and loaded with septic tank effluent, with pre-treated combined sewage respectively. The hydraulic surface loading varied from 4 to 60mm/d and the specific BOD5 mass loading from 0.9 to 8.7g per square metre per day. The purification efficiency varied between 61 and 99% with respect to BOD5 and COD. The elimination of nutrients (Ntot and Ptot) varied between 5 and almost 100%. The removal rate of the total bacterial count, conforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci was significant.

scholarly journals A Mini-Review of Urban Wastewater Treatment in Greece: History, Development and Future Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6133
Author(s):  
Charikleia Prochaska ◽  
Anastasios Zouboulis
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Although Greece has accomplished wastewater infrastructure construction to a large extent, as 91% of the country’s population is already connected to urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), many problems still need to be faced. These include the limited reuse of treated wastewater and of the surplus sludge (biosolids) produced, the relative higher energy consumption in the existing rather aged WWTPs infrastructure, and the proper management of failing or inadequately designed septic tank/soil absorption systems, still in use in several (mostly rural) areas, lacking sewerage systems. Moreover, the wastewater treatment sector should be examined in the general framework of sustainable environmental development; therefore, Greece’s future challenges in this sector ought to be reconsidered. Thus, the review of Greece’s urban wastewater history, even from the ancient times, up to current developments and trends, will be shortly addressed. This study also notes that the remaining challenges should be analyzed in respect to the country’s specific needs (e.g., interaction with the extensive tourism sector), as well as to the European Union’s relevant framework policies and to the respective international technological trends, aiming to consider the WWTPs not only as sites for the treatment/removal of pollutants to prevent environmental pollution, but also as industrial places where energy is efficiently used (or even produced), resources’ content can be potentially recovered and reused (e.g., nutrients, treated water, biosolids), and environmental sustainability is being practiced overall.

scholarly journals Domestic wells have high probability of pumping septic tank leachate

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5701-5732
Author(s):  
J. E. Horn ◽  
T. Harter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Capture Zone ◽  
Septic System ◽  
Water Well

Abstract. Onsite wastewater treatment systems such as septic systems are common in rural and semi-rural areas around the world; in the US, about 25–30 % of households are served by a septic system and a private drinking water well. Site-specific conditions and local groundwater flow are often ignored when installing septic systems and wells. Particularly in areas with small lots, thus a high septic system density, these typically shallow wells are prone to contamination by septic system leachate. Typically, mass balance approaches are used to determine a maximum septic system density that would prevent contamination of the aquifer. In this study, we estimate the probability of a well pumping partially septic system leachate. A detailed groundwater and transport model is used to calculate the capture zone of a typical drinking water well. A spatial probability analysis is performed to assess the probability that a capture zone overlaps with a septic system drainfield depending on aquifer properties, lot and drainfield size. We show that a high septic system density poses a high probability of pumping septic system leachate. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer has a strong influence on the intersection probability. We conclude that mass balances calculations applied on a regional scale underestimate the contamination risk of individual drinking water wells by septic systems. This is particularly relevant for contaminants released at high concentrations, for substances which experience limited attenuation, and those being harmful even in low concentrations.

Potential of organic filter materials for treating greywater to achieve irrigation quality: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1832-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar S. Dalahmeh ◽  
Lars D. Hylander ◽  
Björn Vinnerås ◽  
Mikael Pell ◽  
Ingrid Öborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Carrier Material ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

The objectives of this literature review were to: (i) evaluate the impact of greywater generated in rural communities, with the emphasis on Jordanian conditions, on soil, plant and public health and assess the need for treatment of this greywater before it is used for irrigation, and (ii) assess the potential of different types of organic by-products as carrier material in different filter units for removal of pollutants from greywater. Greywater with high BOD5, COD, high concentrations of SS, fat, oil and grease and high levels of surfactants is commonly found in rural areas in Jordan. Oxygen depletion, odour emission, hydrophobic soil phenomena, plant toxicity, blockage of piping systems and microbiological health risks are common problems associated with greywater without previous treatment. Organic by-products such as wood chips, bark, peat, wheat straw and corncob may be used as carrier material in so-called mulch filters for treating wastewater and greywater from different sources. A down-flow-mode vertical filter is a common setup used in mulch filters. Wastewaters with a wide range of SS, cBOD5 and COD fed into different mulch filters have been studied. The different mulch materials achieved SS removal ranging between 51 and 91%, a BOD5 reduction range of 55–99.9%, and COD removal of 51–98%. Most types of mulches achieved a higher organic matter removal than that achieved by an ordinary septic tank. Bark, peat and wood chips filters removed organic matter better than sand and trickling filters, under similar conditions. Release of filter material and increase in COD in the effluent was reported using some mulch materials. In conclusion, some mulch materials such as bark, peat and woodchips seem to have a great potential for treatment of greywater in robust, low-tech systems. They can be expected to be resilient in dealing with variable low and high organic loads and shock loads.

Wastewater Treatment/Reuse in Rural Areas

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atallah S. Kuttab
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drainage Field

Proper hygiene leading to good health, in urban as well as rural communities, requires that the consumption of drinking water is raised to acceptable levels (UN organizations put it at 40 liters/cap/day). The increase of water availability necessitates the provision of sewage drainage facilities. Urban areas are normally provided with sewerage schemes (sewer lines, treatment plants, etc.). However, it is unrealistic and not cost feasible to construct such sophisticated systems in villages. This is due to limited resources of public funds available to the responsible government agencies. In rural areas, the provision of utilities to drain sewage in a safe way lags behind the provision of water for household activities, including drinking water. This creates severe contamination to the environment of the various villages and reduces the impact of water on the improvement of health. An appropriate wastewater treatment/reuse system, called the Subsurface Drainage Technique (SDT), is described here which was successfully applied, by Save the Children/USA, in several villages on the Israeli Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The system is applicable for individual households with land available in their immediate vicinity. It consists of a watertight septic tank, where primary treatment occurred, followed by a subsurface drainage field in which the secondary treatment took place. The treated wastewater in the drainage field allowed indirect irrigation (below ground level) for surface plants. Local materials were adopted for the construction of the SDT. Villagers themselves were trained to build the various units and therefore were able to maintain their efficient performance. Ongoing monitoring of the plants grown in the drainage field and the testing for bacteriological contamination ensures the safe performance of the technology.

scholarly journals Association of septic tank and sand filter for wastewater treatment: full-scale feasibility for decentralized sanitation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Mattos de Oliveira Cruz ◽  
Adriano Luiz Tonetti ◽  
Bianca Graziella Lento Araujo Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Operational Conditions

Abstract Worldwide, 70% of the individuals who do not have access to sanitation facilities live in rural areas. A solution for these areas is the use of decentralized systems for wastewater treatment. However, most of the studies about this topic are performed in a laboratory or in pilot scale. This work investigated a full-scale decentralized system. The association of septic tank and sand filter was installed in a rural area in Brazil. Its feasibility, maintenance, and operational conditions were appraised. The septic tank was built with precast concrete rings (inner diameter: 1.90 m; total depth: 2.34 m; useful volume: 4.30 m3). The sand filter was also constructed with precast concrete rings (internal diameter: 1.90 m; surface area: 2.84 m2) and effluent application was intermittent. The hydraulic loading rate of the sand filter was 253 Lm−2day−1. The quality of the effluent met the legal aspects and the system proved to be effective for decentralized sanitation. The final effluent may be reused in agricultural activities; however, the frequency of maintenance of this system should be taken into account.

scholarly journals CARTAGO CASE STUDY: WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF COSTA RICA

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
SILVIA M. SOTO-CÓRDOBA ◽  
LILLIANA GAVIRIA-MONTOYA ◽  
MACARIO PINO-GOMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Waste Water Management

Abstract This article provides information on the management of the grey and toilet water collected in rural areas of the province of Cartago, from the years 2014 to 2016. For this research, information was gathered from a survey applied to 614 households located in rural areas. Information was also obtained through field visits and a physical-chemical and microbiological analysis of surface and residual waters. It was found that 100% of greywater from houses in rural areas are thrown into their surrounding rivers and 87% of wastewaters are treated in septic tank systems. Pollution is observed in the surface water sources due to the increase of population density in rural areas and discharge without greywater treatment.

scholarly journals Pollutants Removal in Sewage Wastewater Efficiency and Kinetic of Ammonia Nitrogen Removal through Subsurface Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (SSVFCW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-37
Author(s):  
Dègninou Houndedjihou ◽  
Tomkouani Kodom ◽  
Delmira Beatriz Wolff ◽  
Luis Gustavo Marchioro ◽  
Thiago Augusto Formentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Pollutants Removal

Aims: The removal of some pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), phosphate and some solids (total (TS), fixed (TFS) and volatile (TVS)) from sewage wastewater was investigated in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSVFCW). Study Design: The bed of the constructed wetland is composed of gravel and Canna indica is used as vegetation. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, southern Brazil, under subtropical climate from June to September 2019. Methodology: Three kinds of samples of water collected (Raw, septic tank and outlet from the wetland) one time per week were analyzed according to American standards. Anions were analyzed by gas chromatography using 930 compact IC Flex Metrohm. Statistical analysis performed using ANOVA and U test of Mann-Whitneyto investigate the statistical difference were performed by STATISTICA and Origin software. Results: A total of 10 samples of each kind of water were collected and analyzed. In the conditions of this study, the removal percentage is 89.88, 88.00, 84.93, 84.62, 84.31, 72.94, 41.71, 15.63 respectively for COD, TKN, NH4+-N, TVS, BOD5, TS, TFS and PO43--P. Environment temperature, hydraulic retention time have an effect on the performance of the wetlands system. The effect of the contact time shows that adsorption process is a partway of ammonia nitrogen removal in the wetland. Among the three models of kinetic studied to describe the removal of ammonia nitrogen, Stover-Kincannon and second order models showed a better fit than the first order model. Conclusion: The nitrification and adsorption are the principal process of ammonia removal in the wetland. The plant has been found to be very efficient on the removal of ammonia nitrogen, TKN, COD, BOD5 while phosphate removal has been found too weak.

scholarly journals Influence of the Hybrid Sewage Treatment Plant’s Exploitation on Its Operation Effectiveness in Rural Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wałęga ◽  
Krzysztof Chmielowski ◽  
Dariusz Młyński
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Pollution Removal ◽  
Polish Law

The article evaluates the effectiveness of the removal of organic pollutants—nitrogen and phosphorus—from household sewage in a hybrid bioreactor with a submerged fixed bed. The experiment was carried out in two exploitation variants that were both conducted in a laboratory model of the hybrid bioreactor: (I) cycles of 120 min of aeration and 60 min of no aeration with a constant sewage dosage, and (II) cycles 60 min of aeration and 60 min of no aeration, with a periodic sewage dosage in the no-aeration phase. The experiment was carried out on real sewage primarily treated in a septic tank. The amount of pollution removal was calculated and compared with the mandatory standards according to Polish law. Moreover, the susceptibility of the sewage to the biological treatment, nitrification, and denitrification activity was determined. The research shows a higher effectiveness for the 60/60 model in comparison to the 120/60 model. High operation efficiency was observed regarding the removal of organic pollution and nitrate nitrogen. The tested structure showed very low nitrification activity combined with intense denitrification. These processes were observed in the 60/60 variant. The structure was often overloaded with the nitrate nitrogen, which was considered to be the nitrification process inhibitor. It was suggested that phosphorus was also removed by the denitrifying bacteria.

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