Post-treatment of anaerobic effluents in an overland flow system

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A.L. Chernicharo ◽  
R. da Silva Cota ◽  
A.M. Zerbini ◽  
M. von Sperling ◽  
L.H. Novy de Castro Brito
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Organic Matter Concentration ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Hydraulic Regime ◽  
Pattern Variable

This research aimed at the investigation of an overland flow system applied to the post-treatment of anaerobic effluents. The system treated domestic sewage in Itabira City (Brazil), being composed by an anaerobic reactor and an overland flow system, the latter working as a post-treatment unit. A portion of the reactor's effluent was directed to a group of three overland flow slopes (demonstration scale), that were operated with different application rates. During Phase 1 of the research, the overland flow system was fed under a permanent hydraulic regime (constant flows), having as inflow the effluent from an UASB reactor (full-scale, volume of 477 m3). During Phase 2, the overland system was fed under a hydraulic transient pattern (variable flows with hourly variations), having as inflow the effluent from a partitioned UASB reactor (demonstration-scale, volume of 9 m3). In general, the performance of the overland flow system as a polishing step was very good, mainly because of the low solids and organic matter concentration in the final effluent (average values of BOD from 48 to 62 mg/L; COD from 98 to 119 mg/L and SS from 17 to 57 mg/L). Regarding nutrients and coliforms, the system also reached satisfactory efficiency levels. Based on the experience obtained with this study, it is suggested that overland flow systems, working as post-treatment step of UASB reactors, can work with application rates in the range of 0.4 to 0.5 m3/m.h, which are higher than those normally applied.

Post-treatment of anaerobic effluents in constructed wetland systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. de Sousa ◽  
A. C. van Haandel ◽  
A. A.V. Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Hydraulic Load ◽  
Pre Treatment

This papers describes the behaviour of wetlands as a post-treatment unit for anaerobically treated sewage for the removal of organic matter, suspended solids, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and faecal coliforms. Raw sewage was treated in a UASB reactor with a retention time of 5 h and the effluent was used in four units of wetlands with coarse sand as the medium and operated with different hydraulic loads. Three of the units had emerging macrophytes (Juncus sp), whereas the fourth one was operated as a control unit without plants. During the 12 months of operation, the organic material removal efficiency (measured as COD) was in the range of 79 to 85%, whereas suspended solids removal varied from 48 to 71%. Faecal coliform removal was very high (99,99%); phosphorus was also efficiently removed (average efficiency of 90% for the lowest hydraulic load), but nitrogen removal was only partial (45 to 70% for ammonia and 47 to 70% for TKN). The experimental results clearly show the technical feasibility of using wetlands for treatment of municipal sewage after a pre-treatment in the UASB reactor.

A high loading overland flow system: Impacts on soil characteristics, grass constituents, yields and nutrient removal

Chemosphere ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1588-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Wen ◽  
T.H. Chen ◽  
F.H. Hsu ◽  
C.H. Lu ◽  
J.B. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
High Loading

scholarly journals Persistence of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl in qat leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
A.J. Al-Rajab ◽  
A.M. Alhababy ◽  
T. Alfaifi
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits

SummaryQat leaves are chewed on a daily basis by approximately 10 million inhabitants of different countries. This study investigated the persistence of three insecticides most used in qat production, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl. These chemicals were applied separately on plots of ten qat trees each at the recommended application rates. Samples of qat leaves were collected separately at time 0 (1 h post-treatment) and 1, 3, 7, 12, 19, 26 and 37 days after application. The residues of the investigated pesticides were extracted and then quantified by liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The half-lives of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl were 12.2, 11.7, and 5.1 days, respectively. Overall, our findings showed that imidacloprid and acetamiprid were more persistent than methomyl in qat leaves. Taking into account the maximum residue limits (MRL) in lettuce, due to lack of MRL in qat leaves, the residue concentrations were below MRL for imidacloprid 7 days after application, and 1 day after application for acetamiprid and methomyl.

KY1044 to target the ICOS pathways inducing intratumoral Treg depletion and agonism of effector T cells: Preliminary pharmacodynamic markers from a phase 1/2 multicenter trial.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2626-2626
Author(s):  
Chia-Chi Lin ◽  
Aung Naing ◽  
Manish R. Patel ◽  
Howard A. Burris III ◽  
Giuseppe Curigliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Effector T Cells ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Target Engagement ◽  
Treg Depletion ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Tumor Biopsies

2626 Background: Inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) is an important co-stimulatory receptor on effector T cells (Teffs) that also promotes tumor growth due to its high expression on regulatory T cells (Tregs). KY1044 is a fully human IgG1 that targets ICOS, acting via a dual mode of action (MoA) by depleting ICOShigh Tregs and stimulating ICOSLow Teffs. A Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT03829501) is currently assessing the safety and preliminary efficacy of KY1044, as a single agent and in combination with atezolizumab, in subjects with advanced relapsed/refractory malignancies. Using longitudinal blood samples and tumor biopsies, we aim to correlate KY1044 target engagement levels with pharmacodynamic (PD) properties (e.g. dual MoA) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the circulation. Methods: Phase 1 subjects were enrolled in dose escalation and enrichment cohorts to evaluate the effect of KY1044 as monotherapy (0.8 – 240 mg) Q3W and in combination (0.8 – 80 mg) with atezolizumab (1200 mg) Q3W. PBMCs, plasma and tumor biopsies were collected over the first 3 cycles to confirm target engagement and KY1044 MoA. The sample analysis included: immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tumor samples (ICOS, FOXP3 and CD8); circulating T cell immunoprofiling and receptor occupancy by chip-cytometry; PBMC and tumor sample pre- and post-treatment transcriptomic analysis; and the assessment of circulating cytokines (e.g. GM-CSF). Results: As assessed in PBMCs, full/prolonged ICOS target engagement on T cells was confirmed in subjects receiving a flat dose of 8 to 240 mg, while partial/transient saturation was observed at lower doses (0.8-2.4 mg). The target engagement was not affected by atezolizumab. The immune cell profiling showed changes in some populations, but there was no significant depletion of peripheral ICOS+ cells. In contrast, pre- and post-treatment IHC analysis of ICOS+/FOXP3+ cells in tumor biopsies confirmed a KY1044-dose dependent reduction of ICOS+ Tregs and maintenance of CD8+ T cells in the TME. Together, this resulted in an increased intratumoral CD8+/ICOS+ Treg ratio at all doses, plateauing from subjects receiving a flat KY1044 dose of 8 mg. KY1044-dependent agonism was indirectly assessed by measuring circulating cytokine levels. A post-dosing transient induction of GM-CSF was evident in subjects dosed with KY1044 at the 0.8 and 2.4 mg dose, whereas minimal induction was observed at dose of 8 mg and higher. Conclusions: LongitudinalPDdata confirmed the expected KY1044 MoA, namely ICOS Treg depletion and increased CD8/ICOS Treg ratio in the TME as well as T cell co-stimulation. The observed PD responses are currently being further explored in a more homogenous patient population.

Structural, Hydrologic, and Sediment Connectivity in a Shrub-Encroached and Restored Semiarid Grassland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Johnson ◽  
Jason Williams ◽  
Phillip Guertin ◽  
Steven Archer ◽  
Philip Heilman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Semiarid Grassland ◽  
Concentrated Flow ◽  
Shrub Canopy

<p>Shrub encroachment of semiarid grasslands is influenced by connected runoff and erosion patterns that preferentially accumulate resources under vegetated patches (canopy microsites) and deplete interspaces. Soil loss from dryland hillslopes results when areas of bare ground become structurally and functionally connected through overland flow. Although these patterns have been well-described, uncertainty remains regarding how these feedbacks respond to restoration practices. This study compared the structure and hydrologic function of a shrub-encroached semiarid grassland treated five years prior with the herbicide, tebuthiuron, to that of an adjacent untreated grassland. Through a series of hydrologic experiments conducted at increasing spatial scales, vegetation and soil structural patterns were related to runoff and erosion responses. At a fine scale (0.5 m<sup>2</sup>), rainfall simulations (120 mm·h<sup>-1</sup> rainfall intensity; 45 min) showed herbicided shrub canopy microsites had greater infiltration capacities (105 and 71 mm·h<sup>-1</sup> terminal infiltration rates) and were less susceptible to splash-sheet erosion (3 and 26 g sediment yield) than untreated shrub canopy microsites, while interspaces were statistically comparable between study sites. Concentrated flow simulations at a coarse scale (~9 m<sup>2</sup>) revealed that gaps between the bases of vegetation (i.e. basal gaps) > 2 m<sup></sup>were positively related to both concentrated flow runoff (r = 0.72, p = 0.008) and sediment yield (r = 0.70, p = 0.012). Modeled hillslope-scale (50 m<sup>2</sup>) runoff and erosion (120 mm·h<sup>-1</sup> rainfall intensity; 45 min) indicated less soil loss in the tebuthiuron-treated site (1.78 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup> tebuthiuron; 3.19 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup> untreated), even though runoff was similar between sites. Our results suggest interspaces in shrub-encroached grasslands continue to be runoff sources following herbicide-induced shrub mortality and may be indicators of runoff responses at larger spatial scales. In contrast, sediment sources are limited post-treatment due to lesser sediment detachment from sheet-splash and concentrated flow processes. Reduced sediment supplies provide evidence that connectivity feedbacks that sustain a shrub-dominant ecological state may have been dampened post-treatment. Our study also highlights the utility of simple measures of structural connectivity, such as basal gaps, as an indicator of hillslope susceptibility to increased runoff and erosion.</p>

scholarly journals The Contribution of Cognitive Impulsivity to Criminal Risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rebecca K. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Control ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Treatment Programme ◽  
Treatment Change ◽  
Anger Control ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Pre Treatment

<p>Impulsivity increases risk for general, violent and sexual offending. Accordingly, helping offenders to become better regulators of their impulses is one goal of offender rehabilitation. In a correctional setting, the assessment of impulsivity focuses on personality and behaviour, but not cognition; cognitive impulse control impairments are inferred from personality styles and behavioural patterns suggestive of acting before thinking. However, empirical findings challenge the validity of inferring cognition from personality and behavioural measures. Additionally, without assessing cognition, practitioners are limited in their ability to isolate which cognitive processes are most impaired and therefore worthy of intervention for individual offenders.  To establish the contribution of cognitive impulse control to criminal risk, a theoretically derived, empirically supported neurocognitive assessment framework was adopted. The framework is based on the notion that impulsive behaviour arises from three, potentially dissociable skill domains that support impulse control: decisionmaking, perceptual and motor impulse control. A cohort of 77 men attending intensive cognitive-behavioural rehabilitation was recruited from four of New Zealand’s prison-based Special Treatment Unit Rehabilitation Programmes (STURPs). A neurocognitive battery of five tasks collectively representing each cognitive impulse control domain was administered before and after the 8-month treatment programme.  Study One explored pre-treatment clinically impaired performance within and across each cognitive impulse control domain. Compared to normative data, performance was typically in the average to below average range, but it was not clinically impaired overall. When performance was clinically impaired, it was most pronounced on tasks requiring cognitive flexibility.  Study Two explored treatment change in cognitive impulse control. The study also compared pre-treatment cognitive impulse control between offenders who went on to complete the treatment programme and those who were prematurely removed for responsivity or conduct-related issues. No pre-treatment cognitive impulse control differences were found between treatment completers and non-completers. Treatment completers displayed small pre-post treatment improvements in some areas of cognitive impulse control, but not others.  Study Three explored cross-sectional and predictive relationships between cognitive impulse control, dynamic criminal risk, trait anger and anger control. Although there was little association between these variables before treatment, some cognitive impulse control outcomes predicted post-treatment dynamic criminal risk, trait anger and anger control. Thus, the evidence suggested that certain aspects of cognitive impulse control might function as facilitators of treatment change.  Together, the findings highlighted the importance of evaluating cognitive impulse control as part of the risk assessment, and clinical formulation process. The findings also suggested that interventions designed to develop cognitive impulse control abilities either before, or as a complement to traditional cognitive-behavioural interventions, have the potential to maximise treatment response.</p>

Open trickling filter: an innovative, cheap and simple form of post-treatment of sanitary effluents from anaerobic reactors in small communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Vieira ◽  
M. von Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Capital Costs

We aimed to evaluate the performance and cost savings of an innovative design of a trickling filter (TF) for small population sizes, developed at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil referred to as an open trickling filter (OTF). The OTF had no side walls and no perforated bottom slab, and was applied for the post-treatment of sanitary sewage from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The OTF had crushed-stone packing (3.5 m high) and was operated with an average surface hydraulic loading rate of 4.1 m3 m−2 d−1 and an average volumetric organic loading rate of 0.10 kg BOD m−3 d−1 (biochemical oxygen demand). The average concentrations obtained at the OTF effluent were 48 mg TSS L−1 (total suspended solids), 132 mg COD L−1 (chemical oxygen demand), 51 mg BOD L−1, 19 mg TKN L−1 (total Kjeldahl nitrogen), 16 mg NH4+-N L−1 and 10 mg NO3−-N L−1, complying with local discharge standards. Analysis of the construction costs indicated savings of 74% compared to conventional TF. Based on the performance, compactness, simplicity and reduced capital costs, it is believed that the proposed OTF is a good alternative for small communities, especially in developing countries.

Impact of microaeration bioreactor on dissolved sulfide and methane removal from real UASB effluent for sewage treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1951-1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Cabral ◽  
A. L. Sanson ◽  
R. J. C. F. Afonso ◽  
C. A. L. Chernicharo ◽  
J. C. Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Sulfide Removal ◽  
Dissolved Sulfide ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

Abstract Two bioreactors were investigated as an alternative for the post-treatment of effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating domestic sewage, aiming at dissolved sulfide and methane removal. The bioreactors (R-control and R-air) were operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT; 6 and 3 h) with or without aeration. Large sulfide and methane removal efficiencies were achieved by the microaerated reactor at HRT of 6 h. At this HRT, sulfide removal efficiencies were equal to 61% and 79%, and methane removal efficiencies were 31% and 55% for R-control and R-air, respectively. At an HRT of 3 h, sulfide removal efficiencies were 22% (R-control) and 33% (R-air) and methane removal did not occur. The complete oxidation of sulfide, with sulfate formation, prevailed in both phases and bioreactors. However, elemental sulfur formation was more predominant at an HRT of 6 h than at an HRT of 3 h. Taken together, the results show that post-treatment improved the anaerobic effluent quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand and solids removal. However, ammoniacal nitrogen was not removed due to either the low concentration of air provided or the absence of microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle.

scholarly journals Assessment of Insecticidal Properties of Products From Seeds of Carica papaya Against Callosobruchus Maculatus (Fabricius)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Joy Ejemen Idoko ◽  
Bukola Mary Atere ◽  
Raphael Abiodun Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Papaya Seed

Powder and ash of Carica papaya seed extracted from riped and unriped C. papaya fruits obtained from Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Technology, Akure were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) at application rates of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0g per 20g of cowpea seeds. The experiment was carried out at the pest management laboratory of the Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management under ambient laboratory conditions of 27±20C temperature and 70±5% relative humidity. Each treatment was infested with 5 pairs of C. maculatus. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with each treatment replicated three times. Mortality of cowpea beetles were assessed at 24, 48 and 72hours post treatment. Thereafter data were collected on oviposition, adult emergence, weevil perforation index and seed germination. The results obtained indicated that adult mortality of C. maculatus increased with increasing application rates of powders and ashes of ripe and unripe C. papaya seeds. 100% mortality was observed on cowpea seeds treated with powders and ashes of unripe C. papaya seed at 0.8 and 1.0g application rates at 72hours post treatment. Powders and ashes of unripe C. papaya seed significantly reduced the oviposition potential of adult C. maculatus and caused significant reduction of damaged seeds. Highest number of seeds that germinated was recorded on the seeds treated with powders and ashes of unripe C. papaya seed at 0.8 and 1.0g application rates.

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