A NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF INEQUALITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF CASH INCOMES OF THE POPULATION OF THE URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-24
Author(s):  
Vladimir T. TARASOV
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Monetary Income ◽  
Study Center ◽  
Limited List

The article analyzes income inequality in the regions of the Ural Federal District using methodological innovations proposed by scientists from the Study Center of Sociocultural Changes at the Institute of Philosophy of the RAS and the Vologda Scientific Center of the RAS who introduced a family of income inequality centile coefficients into scientific circulation. These indicators characterize the ratio of incomes of the population various groups in the context of its depersonalized representative macrostrates.In the context of deepening economic inequality, the relevance of these innovations increases significantly, since in the current practice of identifying and analyzing the differentiation of the population incomes, a limited list of indicators is used, while the proposed new indicators make it possible to significantly expand the analytical possibilities of substantiating social policy. However, the complexity of the innovations application lies in the fact that the published statistical information does not allow directly calculating new characteristics. In this regard, the goal of the article is to substantiate and experimentally test a new toolkit that allows, on the basis of limited factual data, to determine the decile distribution of the regions population by the level of monetary income and to form the possibility of further calculating income weights and centile indicators of inequality. Experimental calculations were performed using the example of the Ural Federal District regions for 2000-2018. As a result of calculations and subsequent analysis, macrostrains of the supposed middle class with a stable share of monetary incomes in their total volume are identified that are stable over a long time. At the same time, the growth of inequality was mainly due to the redistribution of incomes from the low-income group in favor of the population part with the highest incomes.

scholarly journals Does Income Inequality Impair Health? Evidence from Rural China

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Wencong Cai ◽  
Yuanjie Deng ◽  
Qiangqiang Zhang ◽  
Haiyu Yang ◽  
Xuexi Huo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The Government

In the context of the Healthy China strategy and the targeted poverty alleviation policy, based on the survey data of 1710 apple planters in Shandong, Yunnan, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces, we selected the Probit model and the mediating effect test model to analyze the impact of income inequality on the self-rated health of farmers in this paper. The main results are as follows: First, income inequality within villages and townships had a significant negative impact on self-rated health, with both showing inverted U-shaped relationships, while income inequality within counties had no significant impact on self-rated health. Second, income inequality can impact the health of farmers, in terms of tobacco and alcohol behaviors, social trust, and sense of relative deprivation, where the mediating effect ratio of these three factors combined accounted for 32.4% of the total effect. Furthermore, the effect of income inequality on health was heterogeneous among different income groups, where the negative impact of income inequality on the self-rated health of the high-income group was less than that of the low-income group, indicating that an increase in income inequality serves to aggravate the degree of health inequality. Therefore, the government should adopt differentiated policies to improve the health of farmers. In rural areas with high income inequality, the government should focus on increasing the income of low-income groups, guide them to develop a healthy lifestyle, improve their social trust, and reduce their sense of relative deprivation. In rural areas where incomes are generally low, the government should first guide qualified farmers to become rich, then encourage others to become rich later.

scholarly journals COVID-19-Trigger of New AML/CFT Challenges and Threats

Federalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 117-144
Author(s):  
V. I. Glotov ◽  
N. A. Buimov ◽  
M. I. Volkova ◽  
A. N. Bereznyatskiy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Impact

The spread of a new type of coronavirus on the territory of most countries has tested public health systems, but also exposed the problem points, the impact of which will be felt for an exceptionally long time. The trigger mechanism that formed them consists of many elements. Among them: the temporary stagnation of world economy; the actual death of many enterprises within national economies; the unpreparedness of medical institutions for a huge influx of infected people. Separately, socio-psychological factors worked: the loss of many citizens ‘ jobs; a radical change in lifestyle – life will never be the same; the collapse of hopes and the loss of meaning of life for many, especially low-income groups. The consequence of this is the growing geography of social pathologies (drug addiction, alcoholism, crime, suicide). There was also an increase in panic among the population caused by fear of an unknown infection or a painful reaction to the introduction of restrictive measures designed to contain the spread and development of the COVID-19 virus epidemic. The article provides analytical material that reflects the degree of influence of processes and mechanisms of regional economy response to the consequences of a large-scale epidemic of new coronavirus. The focus is on determining the degree of impact of COVID-19 on the AML/CFT sphere, analyzing the number of recorded predicate crimes. The Siberian Federal district of the Russian Federation and its constituent regions are considered as an example.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

Ecosan Can Provide Sustainable Sanitation in Emergency Situations with Benefits for the Millennium Development Goals

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. v. Münch ◽  
G. Amy ◽  
J. F. Fesselet
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sanitation Systems

This paper describes the potential of ecological sanitation (ecosan) to provide sustainable excreta disposal in emergency situations and in peri-urban areas or slums in developing countries. At the present time, pit latrines are the most common form of excreta disposal both for emergency situations and in low-income peri-urban areas or slums. Although not intended to be a long-term solution, pit latrines provided during emergencies are often used for a long time (more than six months to years). This practice is not sustainable if the area is prone to flooding or there are soil conditions that allow groundwater pollution in areas where groundwater is used for drinking water, to name but two of the main factors. We propose eight criteria for the applicability of ecosan based on analysis of three case studies representing different types of emergency situations. The two most important criteria are awareness and expertise in ecosan within the aid agencies, and availability of standardised, lightweight toilet units that are quick to assemble and easy to transport (e.g. container for faeces, and urine diversion squatting pan made of impact-resistant molded polypropylene). Such toilets could be moved to, or replicated in, other areas in need after the emergency (peri-urban areas or slums). This would provide benefits for Millennium Development Goals achievements (targets on hunger, child mortality, sanitation and slum dwellers) at lower cost than conventional sanitation systems. Costs for sanitation systems should be compared based on the entire system (toilet, transport, treatment, reuse in agriculture), using Net Present Value analysis for capital, and operating and maintenance costs.

scholarly journals Global trends in medical education accreditation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Bedoll ◽  
Marta van Zanten ◽  
Danette McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
The World ◽  
Google Search

Abstract Background Accreditation systems in medical education aim to assure various stakeholders that graduates are ready to further their training or begin practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the current state of medical education accreditation around the world and describe the incidence and variability of these accreditation agencies worldwide. This paper explores trends in agency age, organization, and scope according to both World Bank region and income group. Methods To find information on accreditation agencies, we searched multiple online accreditation and quality assurance databases as well as the University of Michigan Online Library and the Google search engine. All included agencies were recorded on a spreadsheet along with date of formation or first accreditation activity, name changes, scope, level of government independence, accessibility and type of accreditation standards, and status of WFME recognition. Comparisons by country region and income classification were made based on the World Bank’s lists for fiscal year 2021. Results As of August 2020, there were 3,323 operating medical schools located in 186 countries or territories listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools. Ninety-two (49%) of these countries currently have access to undergraduate accreditation that uses medical-specific standards. Sixty-four percent (n = 38) of high-income countries have medical-specific accreditation available to their medical schools, compared to only 20% (n = 6) of low-income countries. The majority of World Bank regions experienced the greatest increase in medical education accreditation agency establishment since the year 2000. Conclusions Most smaller countries in Europe, South America, and the Pacific only have access to general undergraduate accreditation, and many countries in Africa have no accreditation available. In countries where medical education accreditation exists, the scope and organization of the agencies varies considerably. Regional cooperation and international agencies seem to be a growing trend. The data described in our study can serve as an important resource for further investigations on the effectiveness of accreditation activities worldwide. Our research also highlights regions and countries that may need focused accreditation development support.

scholarly journals The Impact of Urban Recreation Environment on Residents’ Happiness—Based on a Case Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Lei Kang ◽  
Zhaoping Yang ◽  
Fang Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Recreation

Rapid urbanization promotes the expansion of urban tourism and recreation functions, but it also brings many problems, which affect residents’ happiness. Previous studies have emphasized the direct impact of urban recreation environment on happiness, and few have explored the indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness through subjective evaluation. Based on the survey data of nearly 10,000 permanent residents in 40 key tourism cities in China, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of the direct and indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness. The objective evaluation of natural recreation environment and sociocultural recreation environment has an important influence on happiness, but the influence of natural recreation environment is greater than that of sociocultural recreation environment. Individual subjective satisfaction with urban recreation environment mediates the relationship between urban objective environment and happiness. Urban parks have a positive effect on happiness, while tourist attractions have a negative effect. The influence of urban location on happiness is nonlinear. The high-income group is more sensitive to the recreation environment, while the low-income group is less sensitive to the recreation environment. These findings provide insights for further improving citizens’ quality of life and designing urban construction in developing countries under the conditions of rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals Inequality, policy polarization and the income gap in turnout

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406882110119
Author(s):  
Matthew Polacko
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Previous research into the relationship between income inequality and turnout inequality has produced mixed results, as consensus is lacking whether inequality reduces turnout for all income groups, low-income earners, or no one. Therefore, this paper builds on this literature by introducing supply-side logic, through the first individual-level test of the impact that income inequality (moderated by policy manifesto positions) has on turnout. It does so through multilevel logistic regressions utilizing mixed effects, on a sample of 30 advanced democracies in 102 elections from 1996 to 2016. It finds that higher levels of income inequality significantly reduce turnout and widen the turnout gap between rich and poor. However, it also finds that when party systems are more polarized, low-income earners are mobilized the greatest extent coupled with higher inequality, resulting in a significantly reduced income gap in turnout. The findings magnify the negative impacts income inequality can exert on political behavior and contribute to the study of policy offerings as a key moderating mechanism in the relationship.

A Rising Tide Drowns Unstable Boats: How Inequality Creates Homelessness

2021 ◽  
Vol 693 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Byrne ◽  
Benjamin F. Henwood ◽  
Anthony W. Orlando
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
Home Prices ◽  
Collateral Effect ◽  
Local Policies ◽  
Low Income Households

Is income inequality a driver of homelessness at the community level? We theorize that inequality affects homelessness both by crowding out low-income households from the rental market (what we call an “income channel”) and by causing home prices to rise (a “price channel”). We construct a dataset of information on inequality, homelessness, rent burden, and housing prices in 239 communities from 2007 to 2018 and use it to assess the income inequality–homelessness relationship. Our results suggest that income inequality is a significant driver of community homelessness and that the “income channel” is the more likely mechanism through which homelessness is created. We argue that broader policy efforts to reduce income inequality are likely to have the collateral effect of reducing homelessness, and we discuss the need for national and local policies to help low-income households afford housing.

Social security, income inequality and growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
GILLES LE GARREC
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Lifetime Income ◽  
Actuarial Fairness ◽  
Retirement Systems ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractIn most industrial countries, public pension systems redistribute from workers to retired people, not from high-income to low-income earners. They are close actuarial fairness. However, they are not all equivalent. In particular, some pension benefits are linked to full lifetime average earnings, while others are only linked to partial earnings history. In the latter case, we then show in this article that an actuarially fair pay-as-you-go pension system can both reduce lifetime income inequality and enhance economic growth. We also shed light on the dilemma between inequality and economic growth in retirement systems: greater progressivity results in less lifetime inequlity but also less growth.

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