scholarly journals Key Function of the Bank of Russia: Contradictions and Problems

Author(s):  
V. I. Karpunin ◽  
T. S. Novashina

The article examines the most important categories, mechanisms, and instruments of the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia from the point of view of both its development and its implementation. The essence, origins and driving forces of the main contradiction of Russia's monetary policy are revealed. It is shown that monetary policy, along with the economic policy of the state, should act as a regulator of important meanings of human existence, such as the growth of real incomes of the population, directly affecting the redistribution of money – this market form of universal requirement for part of the national wealth. The author's position is presented, according to which inflation is not so much a macroeconomic indicator, as it is often customary to treat this phenomenon, as a fundamental process of a market economy that determines the redistribution of national wealth between economic entities through money. The authors identified and described the main problems and local contradictions in the development and implementation of a unified state monetary policy, presented a detailed description of these phenomena. The methodology of dialectical-systemic and logical analysis, which was used by the authors as a research tool, allowed for the first time to formulate the main contradiction of the unified state monetary policy. The presented formulation reflects the essential principles of the poles of contradiction – the contradiction between form and content. In order to solve the problems identified and existing for a long time, the authors justify the need to take priority organizational and legal measures, first of all, changing the statute, reforming functions, strengthening operational capabilities and staffing of the National Financial Council.

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Plácido Lizancos

Introducción: Galicia es uno de los territorios del Estado Español que ha presentando tradicionalmente una de sus mayores tasas migratorias.Conseguir levantar una casa propia, moderna y funcional, que ofreciera unas condiciones de habitabilidad mejores a las de la vivienda tradicional ha sido uno de los motivos que han provocado las migraciones que en el último siglo se han registrado en Galicia, por lo que el proyecto arquitectónico suele formar parte del propio proyecto migratorio de las familias.Como no podía ser de otra manera, la casa que levantan las gentes emigradas presenta unas características que la diferencian de las de los otros ciudadanos. Siendo la ruptura respecto a la vivienda tradicional la característica que aparentemente la hace diferente, esto ha impactado en la opinión pública y en la profesional. En este artículo se recogen los resultados de una investigación que analiza el proceso de creación de la casa del emigrado, identificando de entre las partes de ese proceso aquellas que ocasionan el referido impacto y proponiendo maneras de gestionarlo.Método: el proyecto de investigación se ha planteado como una búsqueda estrictamente arquitectónica, sustentado en un sistemático trabajo de campo en el que se localizan y estudian in situ las referidas edificaciones. El abordaje del estudio de la casa contemporánea del emigrante es la primera vez -hasta donde llega nuestro conocimiento- que se realiza en Galicia aun siendo una materia a la que ya se han aproximado antropólogos, sociólogos y economistas que han dejado constancia de sus investigaciones en una amplísima bibliografía.Nuestro trabajo comprende el levantamiento gráfico de los edificios y la entrevista a sus usuarios. Con los materiales obtenidos se reproducen “en laboratorio” para su análisis las circunstancias de cada caso de estudio que es completado con la lectura atenta de la bibliografía existente.El ámbito territorial de nuestro trabajo se circunscribe a Galicia, si bien se ha reconocido que los emigrantes en general han levantado construcciones que le son propias en muchos otros lugares del mundo. El ámbito territorial definido presenta rasgos culturales, económicos y políticos homogéneos.  Resultados: Se ha conseguido entender el proceso que siguen las personas emigradas para alzar su casa, identificándose este con la autogestión. Se trata de un proceso no formal, ideado por las propias personas emigradas ya que les resulta adecuado pues les permite mantener el control de la obra aun viviendo a caballo entre dos países y eludir el crédito hipotecario comercial al que no podrían acceder debido a su destierro. Esto nos ha permitido entender uno de los aspectos físicos de la casa del emigrado que más impacto causa: su proceso de ejecución dilatado en el tiempo, detenido muchas veces en pasos intermedios, aparentando abandono.Discusión o Conclusión: Una vez identificado el proceso por el que se construye esta tipología se indaga en la forma en que éste es interpretado por las personas ajenas al asunto de la casa del emigrante.Como resultado final se proponen directrices que podrían ser incorporadas a las políticas públicas a los efectos de empoderar a los migrantes cuando alzan con sus propias manos y sus recursos la casa soñada y a la opinión pública en la gestión del vasto parque inmobiliario alzado por los emigrantes. Introduction: Galicia is one of the Spanish territories showing larger migratory taxes. Building your own house, modern and functional, provided with much better habitat conditions than the traditional house has been one of the reasons that fuelled this past century the Galician migratory movements. Therefore, a migratory project usually comes together with an architectonic one.The house that has been built by migrated people enjoys characteristics different from other people’s houses and from vernacular ones. All this stuff has shocked public and professional opinion.On this paper, we collect the outcomes of a research that analyses the emigrant’s house creation process. We identify within that process the dimensions that are responsible of such an impact and we propose how to manage it.Method: Research strategy has been based on an all-country field survey, looking for case studies. This is the very first time –as far as we know- that this house has been studied from the architectonic point of view although it has been on the sociologist, anthropologist and economist researchers that have produced diverse outcomes.We sketch up many buildings and interviewed users. With all this stuff, we reproduced a model “at the laboratory” to analyse the circumstances behind the buildings.The area of study is Galicia; even though we know migrants that have already built characteristic houses all over the world. The area we studied shows a cultural, economic and social homogeneous shape.Results: We have been able to identify and understand the process of self-management used by Galician migrants to implement their homes. It was an unformal process, designed by migrated people on their own as it suited to them and allowed them to build a house when living among two different countries and to escape from a commercial mortgage, stuff they couldn’t afford because of living away from their motherland. This has addressed us to understand why construction procedure delays for a very long time, even offering the idea that worksite has been left unfinished.Discussion or Conclusion: Once we identified the process followed to build this home, we look for the way it is understood by people out of the migratory world.As an outcome, we propose guidelines to be included on public policies to empower migrants when building a personal home by their own and to help public opinion on the management of the huge housing stock that was once built by migrants.


Author(s):  
Madan L. Puri ◽  
Dan A. Ralescu

The concept of random set, though vaguely known for a long time (possibly since Buffon's needle problem), did not develop until Robbins [25, 26] provided for the first time a solid mathematical formulation of this concept and investigated relationships between random sets and geometric probabilities. Later on (in a different context) this concept gave rise to a more general concept of set-valued function in topology, and applications were also found in several areas such as economics (see, for example, Aumann[3] and Debreu[10]) and control theory (see, for example, Hermes [13]), among others. Recently in two independent formulations, D. G. Kendall [17] and Matheron[21] provided a comprehensive mathematical theory of this concept influenced by the geometric probability point of view. Actually, much of the research in this area falls under the heading of stochastic geometry (see, for example, M. G. Kendall and P. A. P. Moran [18]). The D. G. Kendall and Matheron theories have been compared and ‘reconciled’ by Ripley [24]. In the past few years random sets have been investigated as extensions of random variables and random vectors, and in this framework the problems of deriving limit theorems have received a great deal of attention. This approach is benefiting greatly from probability results in Banach spaces.


2019 ◽  
Vol 239 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 797-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ad van Riet

Abstract This article reviews how the European Central Bank (ECB) implemented its monetary policy for the euro area from 1999 to 2018 from two perspectives. Taking a Keynesian point of view, the euro area economy was beset for a long time by secular stagnation and required the ECB to ensure a protracted period of relatively low interest rates to provide continuous support to aggregate demand at the level of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). By contrast, the Austrian School of Economics argues that the low-interest rate bias of the ECB caused financial excesses and prevented a more rapid reallocation of unviable resources necessary for a sustainable expansion of aggregate supply. Both the Keynesian and the Austrian paradigm appear relevant when examining the monetary and financial aspects of the euro area business cycle and the secular decline of interest rates over the past 20 years. For most of the time, ECB monetary policy was the ‘only game in town’ and the EMU architecture was unable to deliver the balanced macroeconomic and financial policy mix required for a sustainable path of the euro area economy.


1952 ◽  
Vol s3-93 (22) ◽  
pp. 157-190
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER

A long time elapsed after the discovery of cells before they came to be generally regarded as morphological units. As a first step it was necessary to show that the cell-walls of plants were double and that cells could therefore be separated. The earliest advances in this direction were made by Treviranus (1805) and Link (1807). The idea of a cell was very imperfect, however, so long as attention was concentrated on its wall. The first person who stated clearly that the cell-wall is not a necessary constituent was Leydig (1857). Subsequently the cell came to be regarded as a naked mass of protoplasm with a nucleus, and to this unit the name of protoplast was given. The true nature of the limiting membrane of the protoplast was discovered by Overton (1895). The plasmodesmata or connective strands that sometimes connect cells were probably first seen by Hartig, in sieve-plates (1837). They are best regarded from the point of view of their functions in particular cases. They do not provide evidence for the view that the whole of a multicellular organism is basically a protoplasmic unit. Two or more nuclei in a continuous mass of protoplasm appear to have been seen for the first time in 1802, by Bauer. That an organism may consist wholly of a syncytium was discovered in i860, in the Mycetozoa. The syncytial nature of the Siphonales was not revealed until 1879. The existence of syncytia constitutes an exception to the cell-theory. No wholly syncytial plant or animal reaches a high degree of organization. Natural polyploidy was discovered by Boveri (1887), who was also the first to produce it experimentally (1903). Although many organisms contain some polyploid constituents and others are polyploid throughout their somatic tissues, yet diploid and haploid protoplasts (haplocytes and diplocytes) are the primary components of plants and animals and are still retained as such by most organisms. The haplocyte is more evidently unitary than the diplocyte. Haplocytes and diplocytes are not composed of lesser homologous units, and with the necessary reservations required by the existence of syncytial and polyploid masses of protoplasm, they may therefore be said to be the fundamental morphological units of organisms.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Nikolai Anisimov ◽  
Irina Pchelovodova ◽  
Ekaterina Sofronova

AbstractThis article* investigates, for the first time, the local musical tradition of the Udmurt of Chainsk district (Tomsk oblast). The overwhelming majority of migrants in this region arrived from the Sharkan district of the Udmurt Republic, in Siberia, at the beginning of the 20th century. For a long time they kept their original culture in an ethnically alien environment. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, their singing tradition started to fade under the influence of different factors (such as the disappearance of Udmurt rituals and festivals, as well as mixed marriages). The aim of this article is to compare the ‘Chainsk migrational’ singing tradition to the ‘Sharkan original’ musical tradition. The main collection of audio recordings covering the Chainsk district Udmurt musical tradition is conserved in the archives of the Udmurt Research Institute at the Russian Academy of sciences.1 It is comprised of fieldwork material gathered by researchers from the Institute in 1974 and 2006. We discovered new sources of audio and video recordings of the singing tradition in this territory, which allowed us to integrate more song samples. The analysis of both traditions reveals the basic genres of ritual singing, each of which has been examined from the point of view of the topic of the poetic text, the mood structures, and the metro-rhythmic and melodic peculiarities of their development.


Author(s):  
Yimei Zhu ◽  
J. Tafto

The electron holes confined to the CuO2-plane are the charge carriers in high-temperature superconductors, and thus, the distribution of charge plays a key role in determining their superconducting properties. While it has been known for a long time that in principle, electron diffraction at low angles is very sensitive to charge transfer, we, for the first time, show that under a proper TEM imaging condition, it is possible to directly image charge in crystals with a large unit cell. We apply this new way of studying charge distribution to the technologically important Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ superconductors.Charged particles interact with the electrostatic potential, and thus, for small scattering angles, the incident particle sees a nuclei that is screened by the electron cloud. Hence, the scattering amplitude mainly is determined by the net charge of the ion. Comparing with the high Z neutral Bi atom, we note that the scattering amplitude of the hole or an electron is larger at small scattering angles. This is in stark contrast to the displacements which contribute negligibly to the electron diffraction pattern at small angles because of the short g-vectors.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Heyne

AbstractAlthough visual culture of the 21th century increasingly focuses on representation of death and dying, contemporary discourses still lack a language of death adequate to the event shown by pictures and visual images from an outside point of view. Following this observation, this article suggests a re-reading of 20th century author Elias Canetti. His lifelong notes have been edited and published posthumously for the first time in 2014. Thanks to this edition Canetti's short texts and aphorisms can be focused as a textual laboratory in which he tries to model a language of death on experimental practices of natural sciences. The miniature series of experiments address the problem of death, not representable in discourses of cultural studies, system theory or history of knowledge, and in doing so, Canetti creates liminal texts at the margins of western concepts of (human) life, science and established textual form.


Author(s):  
Caroline Durand

Al-Qusayr is located 40 km south of modern al-Wajh, roughly 7 km from the eastern Red Sea shore. This site is known since the mid-19th century, when the explorer R. Burton described it for the first time, in particular the remains of a monumental building so-called al-Qasr. In March 2016, a new survey of the site was undertaken by the al-‘Ula–al-Wajh Survey Project. This survey focused not only on al-Qasr but also on the surrounding site corresponding to the ancient settlement. A surface collection of pottery sherds revealed a striking combination of Mediterranean and Egyptian imports on one hand, and of Nabataean productions on the other hand. This material is particularly homogeneous on the chronological point of view, suggesting a rather limited occupation period for the site. Attesting contacts between Mediterranean merchants, Roman Egypt and the Nabataean kingdom, these new data allow a complete reassessment of the importance of this locality in the Red Sea trade routes during antiquity.


2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Tuominen ◽  
Hannu Teisala ◽  
Janne Haapanen ◽  
Mikko Aromaa ◽  
Jyrki M. Mäkelä ◽  
...  

Abstract Superhydrophobic nanoparticle coating was created on the surface of board using liquid flame spray (LFS). The LFS coating was carried out continuously in ambient conditions without any additional hydrophobization steps. The contact angle of water (CAW) of ZrO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 coating was adjusted reversibly from >150° down to ~10−20° using different stimulation methods. From industrial point of view, the controlled surface wetting has been in focus for a long time because it defines the liquid-solid contact area, and furthermore can enhance the mechanical and chemical bonding on the interface between the liquid and the solid. The used stimulation methods included batch-type methods: artificial daylight illumination and heat treatment and roll-to-roll methods: corona, argon plasma, IR (infra red)- and UV (ultra violet)-treatments. On the contrary to batch-type methods, the adjustment and switching of wetting was done only in seconds or fraction of seconds using roll-to-roll stimulation methods. This is significant in the converting processes of board since they are usually continuous, high volume operations. In addition, the creation of microfluidic patterns on the surface of TiO2 coated board using simple photomasking and surface stimulation was demonstrated. This provides new advantages and possibilities, especially in the field of intelligent printing. Limited durability and poor repellency against low surface tension liquids are presently the main limitations of LFS coatings.


2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
Yulia M Andriyanova ◽  
Irina V Sergeeva ◽  
Yulia M Mokhonko ◽  
Natalia N Gusakova

The influence of recreation being a set of measures to restore health and recreation, on the main components of forest phytocenoses in specially protected natural territories of the Tatishchevsky district of the Saratov region has been studied for the first time. These phytocenoses have been intensively used for tourism for a long time. The intensity and visits activity of protected areas has been determined; the recreational capacity of territorial objects has been studied. The degree of forest landscapes has been revealed in specially protected natural territories. The findings allow predicting the future state of the natural resources of the Saratov region and can be taken into account when assessing their optimal use.


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