Autoimmune Hepatitis and Stellate Cells: An Insight into the Role of Autophagy

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (35) ◽  
pp. 6073-6095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahram Golbabapour ◽  
Kamran Bagheri-Lankarani ◽  
Saeid Ghavami ◽  
Bita Geramizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Hepatitis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Stellate Cells ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Complementary Mechanism

Autoimmune hepatitis is a necroinflammatory process of liver, featuring interface hepatitis by T cells, macrophages and plasma cells that invade to periportal parenchyma. In this process, a variety of cytokines are secreted and liver tissues undergo fibrogenesis, resulting in the apoptosis of hepatocytes. Autophagy is a complementary mechanism for restraining intracellular pathogens to which the innate immune system does not provide efficient endocytosis. Hepatocytes with their particular regenerative features are normally in a quiescent state, and, autophagy controls the accumulation of excess products, therefore the liver serves as a basic model for the study of autophagy. Impairment of autophagy in the liver causes the accumulation of damaged organelles, misfolded proteins and exceeded lipids in hepatocytes as seen in metabolic diseases. In this review, we introduce autoimmune hepatitis in association with autophagy signaling. We also discuss some genes and proteins of autophagy, their regulatory roles in the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the importance of lipophagy and tyrosine kinase in hepatic fibrogenesis. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the regulatory role of autophagy in autoimmune hepatitis, the pathway analysis of autophagy in autoimmune hepatitis is also included in this article.

scholarly journals Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation—A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5851
Author(s):  
Buket Şengül ◽  
Hamid Mostofi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urban Transportation ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Average Travel Time ◽  
Sharp Growth ◽  
Travel Behaviors ◽  
Insight Into

When considering the sharp growth rate of the use of e-micromobility vehicles, such as e-scooters and e-bikes, it is necessary to investigate whether these emerging modes of transport play a sustainable role in cities in terms of their energy efficiency, emissions, and their relationship with other modes of mobility, such as public transport. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impacts of e-micromobility through a systematic review of relevant studies in the field of e-scooters and e-bikes. We followed the steps of PRISMA to conduct a systematic literature review, including identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion steps. One hundred forty-six studies were reviewed and compiled, and 29 of these studies were selected for the focus of this review and their research data were synthesized. The impacts of e-micromobilities were categorized into four categories—travel behaviors, energy consumption, environmental impacts, and safety and related regulations. The category of travel behaviors includes the analysis of the purposes of travel, modal shift from different modes of transport to e-micromobility vehicles, average travel time, and distance. In this review, the findings of relevant studies in different cities around world are compared to each other and synthesized to give an insight into the role of e-micromobility in the present and in the future of urban transportation.

scholarly journals Role of Histopathology in Autoimmune Hepatitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina G. Tiniakos ◽  
John G. Brain ◽  
Yvonne A. Bury
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Hepatitis ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Pattern Of Injury ◽  
Hepatocellular Necrosis

The diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is based on a combination of biochemical, immunological and histological features and exclusion of other causes of liver disease. Typical histological features include a chronic hepatitis pattern of injury with portal inflammation and interface activity, predominance of plasma cells in the portal infiltrate, emperipolesis, and hepatocellular rosette formation. Centrilobular injury with prominent hepatocellular necrosis and mononuclear inflammation is now recognised in the histological spectrum of AIH and may represent an early stage of the disease. Liver histology plays a major role in clinical diagnostic scoring systems and is important to confirm or support the clinical diagnosis of AIH. This review focuses on the role of histopathology in AIH and highlights the contribution of histological interpretation to the diagnosis of AIH, differential diagnosis from other entities, recognition of concurrent liver disease, and identification of the so-called overlap or variant syndromes, and addresses the importance of liver biopsy in the management and prognosis of patients with AIH.

International Investment Law

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Investment ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
Insight Into

The purpose of the handbook is to provide practitioners and legal scholars with a comprehensive overview and a systematic assessment of the relevant cases and issues in the field of international investment law. The handbook thus aims at giving both a first overview as well as a detailed insight into all aspects of investment law. The handbook provides a thorough legal analysis of arbitral jurisprudence and identifies emerging trends and developments. This book will be of crucial importance to investors, legal practitioners, and scholars. Further, it will answer the call for a comprehensive academic study of crucial developments, such as the increasing role of European Union Law or the rising impact of multilateral approaches on the system of international investment law.

Relationship between plasma cells and hepatic stellate cells in autoimmune hepatitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 206 (12) ◽  
pp. 800-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Brandão ◽  
Fernando S. Ramalho ◽  
Ana L.C. Martinelli ◽  
Sérgio Zucoloto ◽  
Leandra N.Z. Ramalho
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatic Stellate Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Stellate Cells

A comprehensive overview of PPM1A: From structure to disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110618
Author(s):  
Mao Li ◽  
Xingfeng Xu ◽  
Yan Su ◽  
Xiaoyun Shao ◽  
Yali Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Stress Response Pathway ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Phosphate Groups

PPM1A (magnesium-dependent phosphatase 1 A, also known as PP2Cα) is a member of the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase family. Protein phosphatases catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from proteins via hydrolysis, thus opposing the role of protein kinases. The PP2C family is generally considered a negative regulator in the eukaryotic stress response pathway. PPM1A can bind and dephosphorylate various proteins and is therefore involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes. It plays a crucial role in transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis and has been suggested to be closely related to the occurrence and development of cancers of the lung, bladder, and breast, amongst others. Moreover, it is closely related to certain autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we provide an insight into currently available knowledge of PPM1A, including its structure, biological function, involvement in signaling pathways, and association with diseases. Lastly, we discuss whether PPM1A could be targeted for therapy of certain human conditions.

scholarly journals Recent Insight into the Role of Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sircana ◽  
Elena Paschetta ◽  
Francesca Saba ◽  
Federica Molinaro ◽  
Giovanni Musso
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Stellate Cells ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Integrin Signaling ◽  
Advanced Fibrosis ◽  
Liver Fibrogenesis ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Insight Into

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most widespread tumors in the world and its prognosis is poor because of lack of effective treatments. Epidemiological studies show that non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced fibrosis represent a relevant risk factors to the HCC development. However little is known of pathophysiological mechanisms linking liver fibrogenesis to HCC in NASH. Recent advances in scientific research allowed to discover some mechanisms that may represent potential therapeutic targets. These include the integrin signaling, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, Hedgehog signaling and alteration of immune system. In the near future, knowledge of fibrosis-dependent carcinogenic mechanisms, will help optimize antifibrotic therapies as an approach to prevent and treat HCC in patients with NASH and advanced fibrosis.

scholarly journals Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5906
Author(s):  
Bruna B. Brandão ◽  
Ankita Poojari ◽  
Atefeh Rabiee
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Increase Energy Expenditure ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Thermogenic Adipocytes

The concerning worldwide increase of obesity and chronic metabolic diseases, such as T2D, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, motivates further investigations into preventive and alternative therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that the formation and activation of thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) may serve as therapy to treat obesity and its associated diseases owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure and to modulate circulating lipids and glucose levels. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of brown and beige adipocytes formation and activation will facilitate the development of strategies to combat metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of pathways and players involved in the development of brown and beige fat, as well as the role of thermogenic adipocytes in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the alterations in brown and beige adipose tissue function during obesity and explore the therapeutic potential of thermogenic activation to treat metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Recent insight into the correlation of SREBP-mediated lipid metabolism and innate immune response

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. R123-R131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon Young Park ◽  
Hye Suk Kang ◽  
Seung-Soon Im
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Intermediates ◽  
Sterol Regulatory Element ◽  
Insight Into

Fatty acids are essential nutrients that contribute to several intracellular functions. Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are known to be regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), which play a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular triglyceride synthesis and cholesterol biogenesis. Recent studies point to a multifunctional role of SREBPs in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes and cancer as well as in immune responses. Notably, fatty acid metabolic intermediates are involved in energy homeostasis and pathophysiological conditions. In particular, intracellular fatty acid metabolism affects an inflammatory response, thereby influencing metabolic diseases. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the dual role of SREBPs in both lipid metabolism and inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases.

Angiogenesis in metabolic-vascular disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (07) ◽  
pp. 1289-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Breier ◽  
Triantafyllos Chavakis ◽  
Emilio Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Pi3k Pathway ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Major Player

SummaryAngiogenesis, literally formation of new blood vessels, is the main process through which the vascular system expands during embryonic and postnatal development. Endothelial cells, which constitute the inner lining of all blood vessels, are typically in a quiescent state in the healthy adult organism. However, in vascular and metabolic diseases, the endothelium becomes unstable and dysfunctional. The resulting tissue hypoxia may thereby induce pathological angiogenesis, which is a hallmark of disease conditions like cancer or diabetic retinopathy. However, recent evidence suggests that angiogenesis is also a major player in the context of further metabolic diseases, especially in obesity. In particular, deregulated angiogenesis is linked with adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. On the other hand, signalling pathways, such as the PI3K pathway, may regulate metabolic activities in the endothelium. Endothelial cell metabolism emerges as an important regulator of angiogenesis. This review summarises the role of angiogenesis in metabolic-vascular disease, with specific focus on the role of angiogenesis in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and on signaling pathways, especially PI3K, linking cell metabolism to endothelial function.

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