Reactivity of Barbituric, Thiobarbituric Acids and Their Related Analogues: Synthesis of Substituted and Heterocycles-based Pyrimidines

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1610-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El-Mekabaty ◽  
Hassan A. Etman ◽  
Ahmed Mosbah ◽  
Ahmed A. Fadda
Keyword(s):  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Urease Inhibitors ◽  
Effective Catalyst ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Catalyst Reusability ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Nano Catalysts

Barbituric, thiobarbituric acids and their related analogs are reactive synthons for the synthesis of drugs and biologically, and pharmaceutically active pyrimidines. The present review aimed to summarize the recent advances in the synthesis of different alkylsubstituted, fused cycles, spiro-, and binary heterocycles incorporated pyrimidine skeleton based on barbituric derivatives. In this sequence, the eco-friendly techniques under catalytic conditions were used for the diverse types of multicomponent reactions under different conditions for the synthesis of various types of heterocycles. Nano-catalysts are efficient for the synthesis of these compounds in high yields and effective catalyst reusability. The compounds are potent antibacterial, cytotoxic, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities, and attend as urease inhibitors. The projected mechanisms for the synthesis of pyranopyrimidines, benzochromenopyrimidines, chromeno-pyranopyrimidines, spiroxyindoles, oxospiro-tricyclic furopyrimidines, pyrimidine-based monoand bicyclic pyridines were discussed. The potent and diverse biological activities for instance, antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities, as well as urease inhibitors, are specified.

scholarly journals Chemical Compounds, Antioxidant Activities, and Inhibitory Activities Against Xanthine Oxidase of the Essential Oils From the Three Varieties of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Receptacles

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Sheng Liu ◽  
Bo Gao ◽  
Zhan-De Dong ◽  
Zi-An Qiao ◽  
Min Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Inhibitory Ability ◽  
Inhibitory Activities

Background/Aim: Essential oils of sunflower receptacles (SEOs) have antibacterial and antioxidant potential. However, the differences of biological activities from the different varieties of sunflowers have not been studied till now. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of chemical compounds, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase (XO) of SEOs from the three varieties of sunflowers including LD5009, SH363, and S606.Methods: SEOs were extracted by using the optimal extraction conditions selected by response surface methodology (RSM). Chemical compounds of SEOs were identified from the three varieties of sunflowers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities of SEOs were detected by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and iron ion reduction ability. Inhibitory activities of SEOs against XO were measured by using UV spectrophotometer. XO inhibitors were selected from the main chemical compounds of SEOs by the high-throughput selections and molecular simulation docking.Results: The extraction yields of SEOs from LD5009, SH363, and S606 were 0.176, 0.319, and 0.580%, respectively. A total of 101 chemical compounds of SEOs were identified from the three varieties of sunflowers. In addition, the results of inhibitory activities against XO showed that SEOs can reduce uric acid significantly. Eupatoriochromene may be the most important chemical compounds of SEOs for reducing uric acid. The results of antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities against XO showed that SEOs of LD5009 had the strongest antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r > 0.95) showed that γ-terpinene, (E)-citral, and L-Bornyl acetate were highly correlated with the antioxidant activities and XO inhibitory ability.Conclusion: SEOs had antioxidant activities and XO inhibitory ability. It would provide more scientific information for utilization and selection of varieties of sunflowers, which would increase the food quality of sunflowers and incomes of farmers.

scholarly journals Investigation of Galatella villosa and G. tatarica for Antioxidant, α-Amylase, Tyrosinase, Lipoxygenase and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200
Author(s):  
Gülmira Özeka ◽  
Margarita Ishmuratova ◽  
Süleyman Yur ◽  
Fatih Göger ◽  
Yeşim Haliloglua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Mass Spectral Data ◽  
Inhibitory Potency ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Bleaching Test ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Β Carotene

In the present work two Galatella species, Galatella villosa Rchb.f. and Galatella tatarica (Less.) Novopokr collected from Kazakhstan were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils (EOs), and to maceration in methanol to yield extracts (MEs). The EOs and MEs were evaluated for antioxidant and in vitro inhibitory activities against α-amylase, tyrosinase, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase enzymes. The EOs of G. villosa and G. tatarica were investigated for chemical composition using GC-FID and GC/MS techniques. The composition of MEs was investigated with LC-MS/MS technique. Monoterpenes, β-pinene (23.6 %) and α-pinene (14.4 %) were the main constituents of G. tatarica essential oil, while the oil of G. villosa was characterized not only with monoterpene α-pinene (9.0 %), but also fatty acid, hexadecanoic acid (10.2%). 3-, 5-, 1,5- and 3,4-caffeoylquinic acids, 3-, 4- and 5-feruloylquinic acids, quercetin and its different glycosides were detected in MEs according to mass spectral data. G. tatarica (IC50=74.3 μg/mL) and G. villosa (IC50=78.5 μg/mL) extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. In the β-carotene bleaching test, the extracts demonstrated noteworthy activity (%Inh 44.46 and 41.14). The extracts scavenged ABTS radical as 1.85 mM and 1.27 mM of Trolox. In a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, the oils showed 89% and 85% inhibition of α-amylase, while the extracts showed 86% and 78% inhibition at 2 mg/mL concentration, respectively. The EOs demonstrated noteworthy potent LOX enzyme inhibition ranging between 45% and 57%. In xanthine-xanthine oxidase model system, the extracts demonstrated the highest inhibitory potency ranging between 43% and 39%. The present work is the first contribution to the chemistry and biological activities of G. tatarica and G. villosa.

A Brief Review on the Development of Novel Potentially Active Azetidin-2-ones Against Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligia S. da Silveira Pinto ◽  
Thatyana R. Alves Vasconcelos ◽  
Claudia Regina B. Gomes ◽  
Marcus Vinícius N. de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Azetidin-2-ones (β-lactams) and its derivatives are an important group of heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant. Efforts have been made over the years to develop novel congeners with superior biological activities and minimal potential for undesirable side effects. The present review aimed to highlight some recent discoveries (2013-2019) on the development of novel azetidin-2-one-based compounds as potential anticancer agents.

Recent Developments on Synthesis of Indole Derivatives Through Green Approaches and Their Pharmaceutical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 2665-2693
Author(s):  
Dipayan Mondal ◽  
Pankaj Lal Kalar ◽  
Shivam Kori ◽  
Shovanlal Gayen ◽  
Kalpataru Das
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Green Methodology ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
High Yields

Indole moiety is often found in different classes of pharmaceutically active molecules having various biological activities including anticancer, anti-viral, anti-psychotic, antihypertensive, anti-migraine, anti-arthritis and analgesic activities. Due to enormous applications of indole derivatives in pharmaceutical chemistry, a number of conventional synthetic methods as well as green methodology have been developed for their synthesis. Green methodology has many advantages including high yields, short reaction time, and inexpensive reagents, highly efficient and environmentally benign over conventional methods. Currently, the researchers in academia as well as in pharmaceutical industries have been developing various methods for the chemical synthesis of indole based compounds via green approaches to overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods. This review reflects the last ten years developments of the various greener methods for the synthesis of indole derivatives by using microwave, ionic liquids, water, ultrasound, nanocatalyst, green catalyst, multicomponent reaction and solvent-free reactions etc. (please see the scheme below). Furthermore, the applications of green chemistry towards developments of indole containing pharmaceuticals and their biological studies have been represented in this review.

Synthetic Routes for 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 860-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chander P. Kaushik ◽  
Jyoti Sangwan ◽  
Raj Luxmi ◽  
Krishan Kumar ◽  
Ashima Pahwa
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Click Reaction ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Triazole Ring ◽  
Copper Catalysts ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
High Yields

N-Heterocyclic compounds like 1,2,3-triazoles serve as a key scaffolds among organic compounds having diverse applications in the field of drug discovery, bioconjugation, material science, liquid crystals, pharmaceutical chemistry and solid phase organic synthesis. Various drugs containing 1,2,3-triazole ring which are commonly available in market includes Rufinamide, Cefatrizine, Tazobactam etc., Stability to acidic/basic hydrolysis along with significant dipole moment support triazole moiety for appreciable participation in hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions with biological targets. Huisgen 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition culminate into a mixture of 1,4 and 1,5- disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. In 2001, Sharpless and Meldal came across with a copper(I) catalyzed regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles by cycloaddition between azides and terminal alkynes. This azide-alkyne cycloaddition has been labelled as a one of the important key click reaction. Click synthesis describes chemical reactions that are simple to perform, gives high selectivity, wide in scope, fast reaction rate and high yields. Click reactions are not single specific reaction, but serve as a pathway for construction of simple to complex molecules from a variety of starting materials. In the last few decades, 1,2,3-triazoles attracted attention of researchers all over the world because of their broad spectrum of biological activities. Keeping in view the biological importance of 1,2,3-triazole, in this review we focus on the various synthetic routes for the syntheisis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This review involves various synthetic protocols which involves copper and non-copper catalysts, different solvents as well as substrates. It will boost synthetic chemists to explore new pathway for the development of newer biologically active 1,2,3-triazoles.

Single Heterocyclic Compounds as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: From Past to Present

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 908-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Min Wu ◽  
Xiao-Yang Qiu ◽  
Shu-Juan Liu ◽  
Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Receptor Interactions ◽  
Heterocyclic Derivatives ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Leading Compounds ◽  
Heterocyclic Moiety

Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) have shown therapeutic values in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as depression, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Heterocyclic compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities and vital leading compounds for the development of chemical drugs. Herein, we focus on the synthesis and screening of novel single heterocyclic derivatives with MAO inhibitory activities during the past decade. This review covers recent pharmacological advancements of single heterocyclic moiety along with structure- activity relationship to provide better correlation among different structures and their receptor interactions.

Arylpyrazoles: Heterocyclic Scaffold of Immense Therapeutic Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1555-1581
Author(s):  
Garima Tripathi ◽  
Anil Kumar Singh ◽  
Abhijeet Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Pyrazole Derivatives ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Major Class ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Among the major class of heterocycles, the N-heterocycles, such as pyrazoles, are scaffolds of vast medicinal values. Various drugs and other biologically active molecules are known to contain these N-heterocycles as core motifs. Specifically, arylpyrazoles have exhibited a diverse range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, antimicrobial and various others. For instance, arylpyrazoles are present as core moieties in various insecticides, fungicides and drugs such as Celebrex and Trocoxil. The present review will be highlighting the significant therapeutic importance of pyrazole derivatives developed in the last few years.

An Overview on Steroids and Microwave Energy in Multi-Component Reactions towards the Synthesis of Novel Hybrid Molecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 594-609
Author(s):  
Preetismita Borah ◽  
Vhatkar Dattatraya Shivling ◽  
Bimal Krishna Banik ◽  
Biswa Mohan Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Hybrid Molecules ◽  
Time Required

In recent years, hybrid systems are gaining considerable attention owing to their various biological applications in drug development. Generally, hybrid molecules are constructed from different molecular entities to generate a new functional molecule with improved biological activities. There already exist a large number of naturally occurring hybrid molecules based on both non-steroid and steroid frameworks synthesized by nature through mixed biosynthetic pathways such as, a) integration of the different biosynthetic pathways or b) Carbon- Carbon bond formation between different components derived through different biosynthetic pathways. Multicomponent reactions are a great way to generate efficient libraries of hybrid compounds with high diversity. Throughout the scientific history, the most common factors developing technologies are less energy consumption and avoiding the use of hazardous reagents. In this case, microwave energy plays a vital role in chemical transformations since it involves two very essential criteria of synthesis, minimizing energy consumption required for heating and time required for the reaction. This review summarizes the use of microwave energy in the synthesis of steroidal and non-steroidal hybrid molecules and the use of multicomponent reactions.

The Molecular Diversity Scope of Urazole in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghodsi M. Ziarani ◽  
Fatemeh Mohajer ◽  
Razieh Moradi ◽  
Parisa Mofatehnia
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Heterocyclic Molecules ◽  
Biological Perspective ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Short Time

Background: As a matter of fact, nitrogen as a hetero atom among other atoms has had an important role in active biological compounds. Since heterocyclic molecules with nitrogen are highly demanded due to biological properties, 4-phenylurazole as a compound containing nitrogen might be important in the multicomponent reaction used in agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Considering the case of fused derivatives “pyrazolourazoles” which are highly applicable because of their application for analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities as HSP-72 induction inhibitors (I and III) and novel microtubule assembly inhibitors. It should be mentioned that spiro-pyrazole also has biological activities like cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardiotonic activities. Objective: Urazole has been used in many heterocyclic compounds which are valuable in organic syntheses. This review disclosed the advances in the use of urazole as the starting material in the synthesis of various biologically active molecules from 2006 to 2019. Conclusion: Compounds of urazole (1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione) are the most important molecules which are highly active from the biological perspective in the pharmaceuticals as well as polymers. In summary, many protocols for preparations of the urazole derivatives from various substrates in multi-component reactions have been reported from different aromatic and aliphatic groups which have had carbonyl groups in their structures. It is noted that several catalysts have been synthesized to afford applicable molecules with urazole scaffolds. In some papers, being environmentally friendly, short time reactions and high yields are highlighted in the protocols. There is a room to synthesize new catalysts and perform new reactions by manipulating urazole to produce biologically active compounds, even producing chiral urazole component as many groups of chiral urazole compounds are important from biological perspective.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document