Novel Homeodomain Transcription Factor Nkx2.2 in the Brain Tumor Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubeena P.M. Mariyath ◽  
Mehdi H. Shahi ◽  
Shirin Farheen ◽  
Mohd Tayyab ◽  
Nabeela Khanam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Homeodomain Transcription Factor ◽  
Shh Pathway ◽  
Potential Biomarker

Background: Complex central nervous system (CNS) is made up of neuronal cells and glial cells. Cells of central nervous system are able to regenerate after injury and during repairing. Sonic hedgehog pathway initiated by Shh-N a glycoprotein plays vital role in CNS patterning growth, development and now tumorigenesis. Nkx2.2 homeodomain transcription factor is an effecter molecule, which is positively regulated by Shh during normal growth. Nkx2.2 is essential for V3 domain specification during neural tube patterning at embryonic stage. MBP + oligodendrocytes are differentiated from progenitor cells which express Olig2. Nx2.2 is co-expressed with Olig2 in oligodendrocytes and is essential for later stage of oligodendrocyte maturation. Objective: This review paper explores the potential role of Nkx2.2 transcription factor in glioblastoma development. Conclusion: Shh pathway plays a vital role in oligodendrocytes differentiation and Nkx2.2 transcription factor is essential for oligodendrocytes differentiation and maturation. Intriguingly, down regulation of Nkx2.2 transcription factor with aberrant Shh signaling pathway is reported in glioma samples. So here it is suggested that Nkx2.2 expression pattern could be used as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of glioma.

The Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in the Development of Obesity via Gut-brain Axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 750-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Hengxun He ◽  
Zhibin Cheng ◽  
Yueyu Bai ◽  
Xi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.

scholarly journals Drosophila Zic family member odd-paired is needed for adult post-ecdysis maturation

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 190245
Author(s):  
Eléanor Simon ◽  
Sergio Fernández de la Puebla ◽  
Isabel Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Behavioural Sequence

Specific neuropeptides regulate in arthropods the shedding of the old cuticle (ecdysis) followed by maturation of the new cuticle. In Drosophila melanogaster , the last ecdysis occurs at eclosion from the pupal case, with a post-eclosion behavioural sequence that leads to wing extension, cuticle stretching and tanning. These events are highly stereotyped and are controlled by a subset of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) neurons through the expression of the neuropeptide Bursicon (Burs). We have studied the role of the transcription factor Odd-paired (Opa) during the post-eclosion period. We report that opa is expressed in the CCAP neurons of the central nervous system during various steps of the ecdysis process and in peripheral CCAP neurons innerving the larval muscles involved in adult ecdysis. We show that its downregulation alters Burs expression in the CCAP neurons. Ectopic expression of Opa, or the vertebrate homologue Zic2 , in the CCAP neurons also affects Burs expression, indicating an evolutionary functional conservation. Finally, our results show that, independently of its role in Burs regulation, Opa prevents death of CCAP neurons during larval development.

scholarly journals Exosomes: A Novel Therapeutic Paradigm for Treatment of Depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shvetank Bhatt ◽  
Jovita Kanoujia ◽  
Arghya Kusum Dhar ◽  
Surendar Arumugam ◽  
Amanda K. A. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) of endocytic origin are known as exosomes. These vesicles are released by cells and are accessible in biofluids, such as saliva, urine, and plasma. These vesicles are made up of small RNA, DNA, proteins and play a vital role in many physiological processes. In central nervous system (CNS), they participate in various physiological processes such as stress of nerve cells, communication between the cells, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. The role of exosomes in depression needs to be explored further. It is known that exosomes can cross blood brain barrier (BBB), which is made up of glial cells astrocytes. One of the advantages of these vescicles is that they are able to transfer macromolecules like DNA, protein, mRNAs and miRNAs to recipient cells. This review focuses on the potential role of exosomes in de-pression and their utilization as atreatmentoption or diagnostic tool of depression.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Transcriptional Regulation by Nur77 in Central Nervous System and Immune System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Olivares Costa ◽  
Fernando Faunes ◽  
María Estela Andrés
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Neuronal Stem Cells

Abstract ObjectiveThe objectives of this work were to find genes regulated by Nur77 in neurons and to evaluate the possible common role of this transcription factor in neurons and lymphatic cells using published experimentally generated databases of ChIP-Seq and a microarray. We also characterized Nur77 binding throughout the genome. ResultsWe identified 113 Nur77 target genes in neuronal stem cells and 116 in neuronal cells. Cell adhesion and anchoring processes emerged as regulated by Nur77 in neurons and lymphatic cells. We found 9 common genes regulated by Nur77. Finally, we described a significant distribution of Nur77 binding sites in strong enhancers and active promoters. This work is a first step to understand the role of Nur77 and its common targets in neurons and immune cells.

Critical Role of IL-8 Targeting in Gliomas

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 1954-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinos Kosmopoulos ◽  
Anthos Christofides ◽  
Dimitrios Drekolias ◽  
Phaedon D. Zavras ◽  
Antonios N. Gargalionis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Potential Biomarker

Background: Glioma is a heterogeneous, highly complicated central nervous system (CNS) tumor with uncertain mechanism of initiation and progression, resulting in an unfavorable outcome. An extended network of cytokines is recognized as a major regulator of glioma pathogenesis, either promoting or inhibiting glioma progression based on their type and specificity. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been revealed as a critical regulator of CNS function and development with participation in many CNS disorders including gliomas. Objective: The aim of the present review is to address the role of IL-8 in glioma pathogenesis focusing on the implicated molecular pathways as well as on its potential targeting for glioma therapy. Methods and Results: PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases were searched for pre-clinical and clinical studies related to IL-8 implication in gliomagenesis and IL-8 targeting strategies for gliomas. Literature data indicate that IL-8 participates in glioma angiogenesis and cell migration and it can serve as a potential biomarker, for early diagnosis, follow-up and response to therapy. Conclusion: Several promising approaches that target directly or indirectly IL-8 effects in gliomas are currently in progress while more-in-depth studies are needed to validate its biomarker role and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

The role of Phox2b in synchronizing pan-neuronal and type-specific aspects of neurogenesis

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (22) ◽  
pp. 5241-5253
Author(s):  
Véronique Dubreuil ◽  
Marie-Rose Hirsch ◽  
Caroline Jouve ◽  
Jean-François Brunet ◽  
Christo Goridis
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Neuronal Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Homeodomain Transcription Factor ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Separate Pathway ◽  
Neuronal Subtype ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Within the developing vertebrate nervous system, specific subclasses of neurons are produced in vastly different numbers at defined times and locations. This implies the concomitant activation of a program that controls pan-neuronal differentiation and of a program that specifies neuronal subtype identity, but how these programs are coordinated in time and space is not well understood. Our previous loss- and gain-of-function studies have defined Phox2b as a homeodomain transcription factor that coordinately regulates generic and type-specific neuronal properties. It is necessary and sufficient to impose differentiation towards a branchio- and viscero-motoneuronal phenotype and at the same time promotes generic neuronal differentiation. We have examined the underlying genetic interactions. We show thatPhox2b has a dual action on pan-neuronal differentiation. It upregulates the expression of proneural genes (Ngn2) when expressed alone and upregulates the expression of Mash1 when expressed in combination with Nkx2.2. By a separate pathway, Phox2brepresses expression of the inhibitors of neurogenesis Hes5 andId2. The role of Phox2b in the specification of neuronal subtype identity appears to depend in part on its capacity to act as a patterning gene in the progenitor domain. Phox2b misexpression represses the Pax6 and Olig2 genes, which should inhibit a branchiomotor fate, and induces Nkx6.1 and Nkx6.2, which are expressed in branchiomotor progenitors. We further show that Phox2b behaves like a transcriptional activator in the promotion of both, generic neuronal differentiation and expression of the motoneuronal marker Islet1. These results provide insights into the mechanisms by which a homeodomain transcription factor through interaction with other factors controls both generic and type-specific features of neuronal differentiation.

scholarly journals The Pancreatic Homeodomain Transcription Factor IDX1/IPF1 Is Expressed in Neural Cells during Brain Development

Endocrinology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
pp. 3857-3860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Perez-Villamil ◽  
Petra T. Schwartz ◽  
Mario Vallejo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Homeodomain Protein ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Homeodomain Transcription Factor ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays

Abstract Expression of the homeodomain transcription factor IDX1/IPF1 has been shown to be restricted to cells in the developing foregut that form the pancreatic primordium. In the adult, IDX1/IPF1 is expressed in the duodenum and pancreatic islets. The IDX1/IPF1 gene is required for pancreatic development, and in the human, heterozygous mutations have been linked to diabetes mellitus. In the present communication, we report that IDX1/IPF1 is expressed in discrete cells of the rat central nervous system during embryonic development. Using RT-PCR, IDX1/IPF1 mRNA was detected in neural precursor RC2.E10 cells, as well as in both forebrain and hindbrain of developing rats at embryonic day 15 (E15). The presence of IDX1/IPF1 protein was confirmed by Western immunoblotting. Immunohistochemical analyses of sagittal sections of E15 rats demonstrated the presence of scattered IDX1/IPF1-immunopositive cells in the forebrain. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays using nuclear extracts from neural cells revealed the presence of IDX1/IPF1 bound to a putative homeodomain protein DNA-binding site present in the promoter of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene. Our results suggest that IDX1/IPF1 may have previously unsuspected extrapancreatic functions during development of neural cells in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals The Role of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in the Development of the Central Nervous System and Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yang ◽  
Yan Qi ◽  
Zhitang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Neural Patterning ◽  
Shh Signaling ◽  
Shh Pathway ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway affects neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of the central nervous system. Dysregulation of the SHH pathway in the brain contributes to aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. At present, the SHH signaling pathway can be divided into the canonical signaling pathway and non-canonical signaling pathway, which directly or indirectly mediates other related pathways involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, an in-depth knowledge of the SHH signaling pathway may open an avenue of possibilities for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the role and mechanism of the SHH signaling pathway in the development of the central nervous system and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will also highlight the potential of the SHH pathway as a therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Vital Role of Monoamine Oxidases and Cholinesterases in Central Nervous System Drug Research: A Sharp Dissection of the Pathophysiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 877-886
Author(s):  
Begum E. Aksoz ◽  
Erkan Aksoz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are very critical enzymes that regulate the level of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and monoamines. Monoamine neurotransmitters and acetylcholine play a very important role in many physiological events. An increase or decrease in the amount of these neurotransmitters is observed in a wide range of central nervous system pathologies. Balancing the amount of these neurotransmitters is important in improving the progression of these diseases. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are important in symptomatic therapy and delaying progression of a group of central nervous system disease manifested with memory loss, cognitive decline and psychiatric disturbances like depression. Objective: In this article, the relationship between central nervous system diseases and the vital role of the enzymes, monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase, is discussed on the pathophysiologic basis, focusing on drug research. Conclusion: Monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are still a good target for the development of novel drug active substances with optimized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, which can maximize the benefits of current therapy modalities.

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