How can Archaeological Scientist Integrate the Typological and Stylistic Characteristics with Scientific Results: A Case Study on Bronze Spearheads Unearthed from the Shuangyuan Village, Chengdu City, Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoting Wang ◽  
Yingdong Yang ◽  
Tianyou Wang ◽  
Dian Chen ◽  
Wugan Luo
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Eastern Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou

Background: Bronze spears are weapons with unique regional characteristics of the Shu culture, Southwest China in the Bronze Age, which reflect the bronze manufacturing tradition and the utilization of mineral resources of ancestors. Previous studies mainly focused on the classification, the alloy composition or the production of bronze spearheads of the Shu culture. The purpose of this paper was to make a comprehensive discussion on the Shu culture from the aspects of the relationship between typology and scientific characteristics, the differences in metal raw material selection with the Ba culture, and the contact with the culture in the Central Plains. Results : Methods: In this study, typology, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) and multi collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) were used to analyze thirteen bronze spearheads unearthed from Shuangyuan site, an Eastern Zhou cemetery in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. Methods: The results show that the spearheads can be classified into three types in typology. All samples are tin-lead ternary bronzes, and the lead isotope data indicate the lead ore. Most spearheads show ordinary lead and only one spearhead has highly radiogenic lead. Conclusion: The typical Shu-style bronze spearheads have distinct shapes but similar ore materials. Meanwhile, people of the Ba culture and the Shu culture used different metal sources to make bronze spearheads. In addition, a very special bronze spearhead suggests that ancestors of the Shu culture in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty imitated the late Shang culture in the Central Plains.

scholarly journals Shifting diets and the rise of male-biased inequality on the Central Plains of China during Eastern Zhou

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 932-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Dong ◽  
Chelsea Morgan ◽  
Yurii Chinenov ◽  
Ligang Zhou ◽  
Wenquan Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Dietary Shift ◽  
Eastern Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou

Farming domesticated millets, tending pigs, and hunting constituted the core of human subsistence strategies during Neolithic Yangshao (5000–2900 BC). Introduction of wheat and barley as well as the addition of domesticated herbivores during the Late Neolithic (∼2600–1900 BC) led to restructuring of ancient Chinese subsistence strategies. This study documents a dietary shift from indigenous millets to the newly introduced cereals in northcentral China during the Bronze Age Eastern Zhou Dynasty (771–221 BC) based on stable isotope analysis of human and animal bone samples. Our results show that this change affected females to a greater degree than males. We find that consumption of the newly introduced cereals was associated with less consumption of animal products and a higher rate of skeletal stress markers among females. We hypothesized that the observed separation of dietary signatures between males and females marks the rise of male-biased inequality in early China. We test this hypothesis by comparing Eastern Zhou human skeletal data with those from Neolithic Yangshao archaeological contexts. We find no evidence of male–female inequality in early farming communities. The presence of male-biased inequality in Eastern Zhou society is supported by increased body height difference between the sexes as well as the greater wealth of male burials.

An Examination of Deterioration Products Found on Tin Ingots Excavated from the 14th Century B.C., Late Bronze Age Shipwreck, The Ulu Burun, Near Kas, Turkey

2002 ◽  
Vol 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lipcsei ◽  
Alison Murray ◽  
Reginald Smith ◽  
Mahmut Savas
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Underwater Sites

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the deterioration of tin ingots recovered from a late 14th century B.C. (Late Bronze Age) shipwreck off Ulu Burun (Kas) Turkey. As so little elemental tin has been excavated from underwater sites and preserved to date, the Ulu Burun ingots offer a unique opportunity to study the degradation products of ancient tin artifacts from a natural marine environment. The current investigation had three major objectives: to identify corrosion products; to confirm or refute the presence of ‘tin pest’, which has been asserted as one of the major reasons for the disintegration of the ingots and a topic of much controversy in the conservation and museum communities; and, finally, to contribute to the overall understanding of marine tin. The following instrumental techniques were used to analyze ingot samples: x-ray diffraction, atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The results of the analysis have identified corrosion products that are characteristic of the type of products anticipated on tin objects from a marine environment. The presence of the controversial tin pest disease was confirmed in two of the six samples tested. Sample preparation appears to be a potential factor in the determination of tin pest using XRD.

scholarly journals LABORATORY PRODUCTION OF HERB-MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS) FOR HOT MATE – A PARALLEL WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTS AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Guilherme Rufatto SCHMIDT
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Ilex Paraguariensis ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Made In

Herb-mate is a raw material of great importance to Southern Brazil, considering its annual production of approximately 650,000 tons of leaves. The hot mate, known as chimarrão, is the most appreciated beverage and its consumption is linked to the traditions and cultural habits predominantly in the south of the country. Considering its huge importance, the objective of the work was to evaluate the production of laboratory herbmate for chimarrão in order to establish a comparison with the products available on the market. Therefore, it was considered the current legislation and the analysis of its organoleptic and granulometric properties, humidity level and concentration of some toxic metals quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The manufacturing of the final product was made in three steps: first of all, the leaves were submitted to direct fire, then they were dried at a temperature of 40 Cº for 24 hours and, finally, they were ground in a knife mill for 10 minutes. The obtained results showed, in most of the analyzed characteristics, a great similarity between the laboratorial and commercial herb, obtaining approval from 90% of chimarrão consumers who participated in the organoleptic tests. However, the coloration was considered darker and can be explained by logistic problems between the plantation and the laboratory. There was also a divergence in the metals analysis, which showed a higher lead and cadmium concentration when compared to the herbs found on the supermarket shelves. Alarming numbers for consumers were found, since the commercial herbs pointed levels above the recommended for all analyzed metals, which indicate the urgent need for better inspection, as well as improved manufacturing practices of the final product and a better raw material cultivation.

scholarly journals Preliminary Archaeopetrological Study of the Lithic Industry From the l’Hort de la Boquera Rock Shelter (Margalef de Montsant, Tarragona, Spain): Applying Mineralogical and Geochemical Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Mar Rey-Solé ◽  
Maria Pilar García-Argüelles ◽  
Jordi Nadal ◽  
Xavier Mangado ◽  
Anders Scherstén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The l’Hort de la Boquera site is located in the northeastern part of Iberia and its stone tool assemblage includes up to 25,000 flint artefacts. This is the first approach to the analysis of the raw material through an archaeopetrological study. Results were obtained by use of mineralogi¬cal techniques: macroscopic and petrographic analysis, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Micro-Raman and X-Ray diffraction (XRD); additionally, Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was applied. It has been possible to discriminate at least four flint categories, the ‘Evaporitic flint type’ (with two local subvarieties – ‘Common evaporitic’ and ‘Garnet’ varieties) that comes from local outcrops of the Ulldemolins Complex, and two flint types that had their origin further afield: the ‘Charophyta flint type’ (coming from the Torrente de Cinca Unit) and the ‘Dark flint type’ (from the La Serra Llarga Formation).These results make this study the most comprehensive analysis of raw materials that has been carried out in the area so far

scholarly journals New Insights into the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sb Ores from Greece

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Evangelos Tzamos ◽  
Platon N. Gamaletsos ◽  
Giovanni Grieco ◽  
Micol Bussolesi ◽  
Anthimos Xenidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Epma Data ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
First Time ◽  
Of Greece

Antimony is a common metalloid occurring in the form of Sb-sulfides and sulfosalts, in various base and noble metal deposits. It is also present in corresponding metallurgical products (concentrates) and, although antimony has been considered a penalty element in the past, recently it has gained interest due to its classification as a critical raw material (CRM) by the European Union (EU). In the frame of the present paper, representative ore samples from the main Sb-bearing deposits of Greece (Kilkis prefecture, Chalkidiki prefecture (Kassandra Mines), and Chios Isl.) have been investigated. According to optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) data, the Greek ores contain stibnite (Sb2S3), boulangerite (Pb5Sb4S11), bournonite (PbCuSbS3), bertherite (FeSbS4), and valentinite (Sb2O3). Bulk analyses by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirmed, for the first time published, the presence of a significant Hg content in the Kilkis Sb-ore. Furthermore, Kassandra Mines ores are found to contain remarkable amounts of Bi, As, Sn, Tl, and Se (excluding Ag, which is a bonus element). The above findings could contribute to potential future exploration and exploitation of Sb ores in Greece.

Health Status and Burial Status in Early China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Pechenkina ◽  
Ma Xiaolin ◽  
Fan Wenquan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
State Level ◽  
Early China ◽  
Skeletal Health ◽  
Health Patterns ◽  
Eastern Zhou Dynasty ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
A Site ◽  
Age And Sex

This chapter quantifies and compares mortuary pattern grammars and skeletal health markers between the sites of Xipo (Yangshao culture, a Middle Neolithic chiefdom ca. 4000–3000 B.C.) and Xiyasi (a site participating in the state-level, stratified Eastern Zhou dynasty ca. 770–221 B.C.). At Xipo, health patterns display no statistically significant differences across the three archaeologically defined social strata, even when taking into consideration sex-based burial variation. In contrast, the Xiyasi sample from Bronze Age Zhou displays a mortuary program based on social status, age, and sex, dividing the population into four ranked groups. Elite burials (mostly men) evidently possessed worse oral health, likely owing to differential consumption of status-linked foods. Pechenkina and colleagues encounter yet stronger associations between sex and specific funerary contexts especially in the Eastern Zhou. Increasing social complexity appears to have been most directly associated with changes in sex (and by inference, gender)-associated social roles.

Figurines, Flint Clay Sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian Acquisition

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Emerson ◽  
Randall E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Acid Dissolution ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Ozark Highlands

AbstractAt the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.

scholarly journals Cheese bread enriched with biofortified cowpea flour

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Barbosa Monteiro Cavalcante ◽  
Marcelo Antônio Morgano ◽  
Kaesel Jackson Damasceno e Silva ◽  
Maurisrael de Moura Rocha ◽  
Marcos Antônio da Mota Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Plasma Source ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Cowpea Flour ◽  
Hedonic Scale

ABSTRACT The development and enrichment of food are of great importance not only for the industry but also to improve the population's nutrition, where you can create new products or optimize existing ones. The consumption of fortified products in the diet is an option for the control of deficiency diseases. This study aimed to develop enriched cheese bread with whole biofortified cowpea flour and evaluate their acceptance and chemical composition. Two formulations, F1 and F2, were prepared containing 5.6 and 8% of cowpea flour as a substitute for starch, respectively. To check acceptance, three sensory tests were used (Hedonic Scale, Purchase Intent, and Paired Comparison), F1 being sensory viable according to assessors, being chemically analyzed. Minerals were determined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source. The moisture was determined by drying at 105 °C, ash by calcination in muffle at 550 °C, proteins by the macro-Kjeldahl method, and lipids by hot extraction in a Soxhlet extractor. Carbohydrates were obtained by difference and the calories were calculated. The addition of cowpea increased the amounts of copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and zinc, as well as protein and carbohydrate values. On the other hand, there was a reduction of the moisture concerning lipids and the total caloric value compared to the standard formulation. It was concluded , therefore, that the cowpea, a regional raw material in market expansion is presented as an option for the enrichment of baked foods that do not contain gluten, such as cheese bread.

Chemical Composition of Cerium and Manganese Co-Doped Lithium Niobate Single Crystal

2013 ◽  
Vol 395-396 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
Yun Long Wang ◽  
Rui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Vacancy Model ◽  
The Relationship

Ce:Mn:LiNbO3 single crystals were grown from the melts with different [Li]/[Nb] by top seed crystal method, while the concentration of Ce was 0.1mol% and the concentration of Mn was 0.015wt%. The concentration of each element in the crystal was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The location of the doping ion in the crystal was studied. The results revealed that Ce (or Mn) replace the location of Li in the Ce:Mn:LiNbO3. The dependence of crystal constitute on the material proportioning is given in the paper. The exact chemical formula was given by the relationship between the composition of crystal and the raw material on the basis of the Li vacancy model.

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