scholarly journals Valorization of Agricultural Residues by Fractionation of their Components

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Jiménez ◽  
Alejandro Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Sunflower Stalks

The combined production of the most abundant agricultural residues in Spain (viz. cereal straw, sunflower stalks, vine shoots, cotton stalks, olive, orange and peach tree prunings, and horticultural and related residues) amounts to over 50 million tons per year, more than 20% of which is generated by Andalusia alone. Agricultural residues must be disposed of for various reasons including the facts that they promote contamination and pest growth, occupy large expanses of land and hinder agricultural work. Ideally, the disposal method used should allow their major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) or their chemical potential energy to be exploited. Agricultural residues can be valorized by converting their components jointly (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction) or separately (fractionation). The most useful method for exploiting such components separately involves isolating cellulose fibres for papermaking purposes. In recent times, this valorization method has led to the development of the biorefining concept. Biorefining involves the fractionation or separation of the different lignocellulosic components of agricultural residues with a view to their integral exploitation rather than the mere use of cellulose fibre to obtain paper products. Biorefining replaces the classical pulping methods based on Kraft, sulphite and soda reagents with a hydrothermal treatment followed by organosolv pulping. The hydrothermal treatment provides a liquid phase containing hemicellulose decomposition products [both oligomers and monomers (glucose, xylose, arabinose)] and a solid phase rich in cellulose and lignin. By contrast, the organosolv process gives a solid fraction (pulp) and a residual liquid fraction containing lignin and other useful substances for various purposes.

scholarly journals Preparation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Hironaga Akita ◽  
Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Shinji Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Glucose Content

Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer and exporter globally. When crude palm oil is produced in both plantations and oil processing mills, a large amount of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is simultaneously produced as a waste product. Here, we describe the preparation of hydrolysate from OPEFB. After OPEFB was hydrothermally treated at 180–200 °C, the resultant liquid phase was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, while the solid phase was used for acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis. Hemicellulose yield from the acid-treated solid phase decreased from 153 mg/g-OPEFB to 27.5 mg/g-OPEFB by increasing the hydrothermal treatment temperature from 180 to 200 °C. Glucose yield from the enzyme-treated solid phase obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C was the highest (234 ± 1.90 mg/g-OPEFB, 61.7% production efficiency). In contrast, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose yields in the hydrolysate prepared from the solid phase hydrothermally treated at 200 °C were the lowest. Thus, we concluded that the optimum temperature for hydrothermal pretreatment was 200 °C, which was caused by the low hemicellulose yield. Based on these results, we have established an effective method for preparing OPEFB hydrolysates with high glucose content.

Effect of microbial isolates on microbial yield estimation in RUSITEC system

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 306-308
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Culture System ◽  
The One

The estimation of rumen microbial protein synthesis is one of the main points in the nitrogen (N)-rationing systems for ruminants, as microbial protein provides proportionately 0.4 to 0.9 of amino acids entering the small intestine in ruminants receiving conventional diets (Russell et al., 1992). Methods of estimating microbial protein synthesis rely on marker techniques in which a particular microbial constituent is related to the microbial N content. Marker : N values have generally been established in mixed bacteria isolated from the liquid fraction of rumen digesta and it has been assumed that the same relationship holds in the total population leaving the rumen (Merry and McAllan, 1983). However, several studies have demonstrated differences in composition between solid-associated (SAB) and fluid-associated bacteria in vivo (Legay-Carmier and Bauchart, 1989) and in vitro (Molina Alcaide et al, 1996), as well in marker : N values (Pérez et al., 1996). This problem could be more pronounced in the in vitro semi-continuous culture system RUSITEC, in which there are three well defined components (a free liquid phase, a liquid phase associated with the solid phase and a solid phase), each one having associated microbial populations.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using different bacterial isolates (BI) on the estimation of microbial production of four different diets in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977), using (15NH4)2 SO4 as microbial marker, and to assess what effects any differences would have on the comparison of microbial protein synthesis between diets.This study was conducted in conjunction with an in vitro experiment described by Carro and Miller (1997). Two 14-day incubation trials were carried out with the rumen simulation technique RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977). The general incubation procedure was the one described by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977) and more details about the procedures of this experiment are given elsewhere (Carro and Miller, 1997).

scholarly journals Thermodynamic assessment of (semi-)volatile hydrophobic organic chemicals in WWTP sludge – combining solid phase microextraction with non-target GC/MS

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1728-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Knudsmark Sjøholm ◽  
Matias Flyckt-Nielsen ◽  
Thomas D. Bucheli ◽  
Philipp Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Thermodynamic Assessment ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals ◽  
Digested Sludge ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Effective Reduction

Equilibrium HS-SPME non-target GC/MS assessment of chemical potential of (semi-)volatile HOCs across treatment processes revealed increase from inlet to digested sludge, and effective reduction of the exposure level by co-composting.

scholarly journals Piezo-Sensitive Fabrics from Carbon Black Containing Conductive Cellulose Fibres for Flexible Pressure Sensors

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5150
Author(s):  
Julia Ullrich ◽  
Martin Eisenreich ◽  
Yvonne Zimmermann ◽  
Dominik Mayer ◽  
Nina Koehne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Nonwoven Material ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Textile Processing ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Decisive Importance ◽  
Flexible Pressure Sensors ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose Fibres

The design of flexible sensors which can be incorporated in textile structures is of decisive importance for the future development of wearables. In addition to their technical functionality, the materials chosen to construct the sensor should be nontoxic, affordable, and compatible with future recycling. Conductive fibres were produced by incorporation of carbon black into regenerated cellulose fibres. By incorporation of 23 wt.% and 27 wt.% carbon black, the surface resistance of the fibres reduced from 1.3 × 1010 Ω·cm for standard viscose fibres to 2.7 × 103 and 475 Ω·cm, respectively. Fibre tenacity reduced to 30–50% of a standard viscose; however, it was sufficient to allow processing of the material in standard textile operations. A fibre blend of the conductive viscose fibres with polyester fibres was used to produce a needle-punched nonwoven material with piezo-electric properties, which was used as a pressure sensor in the very low pressure range of 400–1000 Pa. The durability of the sensor was demonstrated in repetitive load/relaxation cycles. As a regenerated cellulose fibre, the carbon-black-incorporated cellulose fibre is compatible with standard textile processing operations and, thus, will be of high interest as a functional element in future wearables.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Melting Process in PCM Storage

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Shibahara
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Shunt Resistance ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Cartridge Heater

Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies have been developed using Phase Change Materials (PCM) at various power plants to utilize waste heat sources. The melting process of PCM has been investigated experimentally and numerically to construct a fundamental database of TES systems. D-Mannitol was selected as a PCM for medium TES systems in this study. The experimental apparatus consisted of the cartridge heater, thermocouples, test tube, acryl tube, vacuum pump, pressure indicator, volt slider and shunt resistance. The temperatures near the cartridge heater were measured by K-type thermocouples. The heat inputs were ranged from 10W to 15W. As a result, temperature of D-mannitol increased with time linearly under the solid state until the fusion temperature. When D-mannitol changed from the solid phase to the liquid phase, temperatures remained constantly due to the latent heat. Moreover, the numerical simulation was conducted using the commercial CFD code, ANSYS FLUENT. As a result of the numerical simulation, it was understood that the melting process was affected by the natural convection at the inner wall. As the heat flux of the cartridge heater input from the inner wall, the liquid fraction increased from the inner wall to the outer wall. The numerical result was compared with the experimental data. It was understood that the temperature of numerical simulation was approximately consistent with that of the experiment during the phase change process.

scholarly journals Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses through Changes in Mannans and Cellulose

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Somssich ◽  
Filip Vandenbussche ◽  
Alexander Ivakov ◽  
Norma Funke ◽  
Colin Ruprecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Plant Shoots ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Abstract The force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upward was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye and cellular growth analyses revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization, cell expansion at the hypocotyl base and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal reorientation of cellulose fibres and growth inhibition at the base of hypocotyls supported their upright posture whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses. We also found that EBL interferes with upright growth of hypocotyls through their uneven thickening at the base.

scholarly journals Ultrasound homogenization of milk cream at low temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Fithri Choirun Nisa ◽  
Fan Zhu ◽  
Conrad Perera ◽  
Liurong Huang ◽  
Yacine Hemar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Globule Size ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Homogenization Methods ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Ultrasonication has been identified as a particularly promising technology for homogenization of dairy products. Homogenization of cream, by reducing fat globule size, can be utilized to inhibit creaming. The homogenization of cream usually leads to increased viscosity. Cream with fat level greater than 17% cannot be homogenized with satisfactory results since conventional homogenization methods cause coalescence and mostly agglomeration. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ultrasonication on milk cream (5-30% fat) and to study the phenomenon of formation of fat clusters during sonication (0.5-15 mins) at low temperature (2°C). The results showed that ultrasonication can reduce the fat globule size, although it resulted in the formation of fat clusters at short time (<1min), but at longer time, fat clusters can be broken. On the other hand, ultrasound homogenization tends to increase the viscosity of cream at various fat contents. Microstructure of solid phase showed that there was formation of double emulsions and partial fat coalescence. Ultrasound homogenization with the addition of SDS as small-molecule surfactant can prevent the formation of fat clusters. Fatty acid composition in solid phase shows that it consists of long-chain fatty acids in higher amount compared to that present in the liquid fraction. Whereas the concentration of short and medium chain fatty acids in the liquid phase was higher compared to that in solid phase. The utilization and optimization of ultrasound for cream homogenization has a potency to solve the limitation of conventional method (pressure homogenizer) which commonly used in dairy industry.

scholarly journals Solidification and Segregation Behaviors of Superalloy IN718 at a Slow Cooling Rate

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Shi ◽  
Shengchao Duan ◽  
Wensheng Yang ◽  
Hanjie Guo ◽  
Jing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Negative Segregation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Rate Characteristic

The solidification and micro- and macro-segregation behaviors of as-cast INCONEL 718 (IN718) alloy at different temperatures under a slow cooling rate (5 °C/min) were investigated in this study. The results indicate that the solid-liquid interface grows into reticulation of hexagons during solidification. The variation trend of the solid fraction and transition rate of the solid phase with solidification time can be well characterized by the Boltzmann and Gaussian distribution, respectively. The order of segregation degree of negative segregation elements is: Fe > Cr > Al. Nb is the most principal positive segregation element, which is abundant in the long-term unsolidified remaining liquid. At the terminal stage of solidification, the increasing tendencies of the Nb and Mo contents in the liquid and the residual liquid density with decreasing temperature reverse due to the formation of the Laves phase. The freckles are most likely to form in the early stages of solidification, at which the liquid fraction is between 0.3 and 0.2, and the temperature range is about 1320 °C to 1310 °C. The information produced is expected to characterize the solidification and segregation behaviors of IN718 alloy when cooled at a slow rate characteristic of larger ingots typical of those required for industrial gas turbines and aircraft engines.

scholarly journals Parameterization of the Bulk Liquid Fraction on Mixed-Phase Particles in the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) Scheme: Description and Idealized Simulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélissa Cholette ◽  
Hugh Morrison ◽  
Jason A. Milbrandt ◽  
Julie M. Thériault
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Microphysics Scheme ◽  
Liquid Component ◽  
Particle Properties ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract Bulk microphysics parameterizations that are used to represent clouds and precipitation usually allow only solid and liquid hydrometeors. Predicting the bulk liquid fraction on ice allows an explicit representation of mixed-phase particles and various precipitation types, such as wet snow and ice pellets. In this paper, an approach for the representation of the bulk liquid fraction into the predicted particle properties (P3) microphysics scheme is proposed and described. Solid-phase microphysical processes, such as melting and sublimation, have been modified to account for the liquid component. New processes, such as refreezing and condensation of the liquid portion of mixed-phase particles, have been added to the parameterization. Idealized simulations using a one-dimensional framework illustrate the overall behavior of the modified scheme. The proposed approach compares well to a Lagrangian benchmark model. Temperatures required for populations of ice crystals to melt completely also agree well with previous studies. The new processes of refreezing and condensation impact both the surface precipitation type and feedback between the temperature and the phase changes. Overall, prediction of the bulk liquid fraction allows an explicit description of new precipitation types, such as wet snow and ice pellets, and improves the representation of hydrometeor properties when the temperature is near 0°C.

Manufacturing Wood–Plastic Composites from Waste Lignocellulose Plus Haloxylon Species and Recycled Plastics

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Kamali Moghadam ◽  
Mohammad Shamsian ◽  
Hosein Rezayi Shahri
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Particle Loading ◽  
Bending Modulus ◽  
Plastic Composite ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Recycled Plastics

Abstract The aim of this research is to show useful utilization of agricultural residues such as cotton stalks and branches of pistachio, pomegranate, and Haloxylon species with recycled plastic in manufacturing wood–plastic composite (WPC) panels. Wood–plastic panels were made from a combination of agricultural residues (as natural fiber) and recycled plastic (as resin) at 50 percent, and 60 percent by weight fiber loading. Density and dimensions of the panels were 0.61 g/cm3 and 350 by 350 by 14 mm, respectively. Physical and mechanical properties of the panels including thickness swelling, water absorption, static bending (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity ), and internal bond were investigated. Physical and mechanical properties of the WPC panels decreased with an increase in fiber content from 50 percent to 60 percent. Physical and mechanical properties of samples made with 50 percent plastic were higher than samples with 40 percent plastic. The best values of physical and mechanical properties of the WPC panels were found at 10 percent and 5 percent Haloxylon particle loading, respectively. The highest values of mechanical properties of WPC panels were found at 50 percent plastic and 5 percent Haloxylon particle loading.

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