scholarly journals The Quantum Condition and an Elastic Limit

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Frank Znidarsic P.E.
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Empirical Constant ◽  
Classical Physics ◽  
Atomic Electrons ◽  
Electrical Permittivity ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Quantum Condition

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb introduced his equations over two centuries ago. These equations quantified the force and the energy of interacting electrical charges. The electrical permittivity of free space was factored into Coulomb’s equations. A century later James Clear Maxwell showed that the velocity of light emerged as a consequence this permittivity. These constructs were a crowning achievement of classical physics. In spite of these accomplishments, the philosophy of classical Newtonian physics offered no causative explanation for the quantum condition. Planck’s empirical constant was interjected, ad-hoc, into a description of atomic scale phenomena. Coulomb’s equation was re-factored into the terms of an elastic constant and a wave number. Like Coulomb’s formulation, the new formulation quantified the force and the energy produced by the interaction of electrical charges. The Compton frequency of the electron, the energy levels of the atoms, the energy of the photon, the speed of the atomic electrons, and Planck’s constant, spontaneously emerged from the reformulation. The emergence of these quantities, from a classical analysis, extended the realm of classical physics into a domain that was considered to be exclusively that of the quantum.

scholarly journals Probing resonating valence bond states in artificial quantum magnets

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Yang ◽  
Soo-Hyon Phark ◽  
Yujeong Bae ◽  
Taner Esat ◽  
Philip Willke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Valence Bond ◽  
Exchange Interactions ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Quantum Magnets ◽  
Resonating Valence Bond

AbstractDesigning and characterizing the many-body behaviors of quantum materials represents a prominent challenge for understanding strongly correlated physics and quantum information processing. We constructed artificial quantum magnets on a surface by using spin-1/2 atoms in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). These coupled spins feature strong quantum fluctuations due to antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between neighboring atoms. To characterize the resulting collective magnetic states and their energy levels, we performed electron spin resonance on individual atoms within each quantum magnet. This gives atomic-scale access to properties of the exotic quantum many-body states, such as a finite-size realization of a resonating valence bond state. The tunable atomic-scale magnetic field from the STM tip allows us to further characterize and engineer the quantum states. These results open a new avenue to designing and exploring quantum magnets at the atomic scale for applications in spintronics and quantum simulations.

Fuzzified Swarm Intelligence Framework Using Fpsor Algorithm for High-Speed Manet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harihara Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Ad Hoc Routing ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Computational Overhead ◽  
Fitness Value

Abstract Ad-hoc routing protocols may be dispersed and involve every node in the route discovery process by making routing data more reliable. Mobile-Adhoc-Networks (MANETs) consist of many portable nodes that can commune directly with each other or through intermediate nodes. Repeatedly, nodes in MANETs operate with batteries and can roam freely, and thus, a node may exhaust its energy or move away without providing any notice to its cooperative nodes. In MANETs, a route consists of numerous links in sequence, and so, its lifetime is based on the lifetime of every node and also the wireless links among adjacent nodes. In this research work Fuzzified Particle Swarm Optimization oriented Routing (FPSOR) algorithm is planned to minimize data loss and computational overhead, which in turn maximizes the lifetime of MANETs. Particle Swarm Optimization oriented Routing protocol (PSOR) has taken energy competence as a significant criterion for processing routing and driving optimised path for the data accelerating and processing to the source node. The PSOR produces a fresh route for routing by considering the fitness value of energy to evaluate diverse paths and to choose the best-optimised path whose energy consumption is less as compared to ant colony optimization routing paths. This algorithm utilizes a good approach focusing energy levels/status of the nodes through fuzzification and the lengths of the routed ways. NS2 simulator is cast for performance evaluation.

scholarly journals Gravity in the Shadow of Stable Atoms and Their Three Interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam U.V ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Physical Constant ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Accelerating Universe ◽  
Atomic Interaction ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Empirical Constant ◽  
Newtonian Gravitational Constant

Even though materialistic atoms are having independent existence in this current accelerating universe, they are not allowing scientists and engineers to explore the secrets of gravity at atomic scale. This may be due to incomplete unification paradigm, inadequacy of known physics and technological difficulties etc. In this challenging scenario, one fundamental question to be answered is: Is Newtonian gravitational constant having a physical existence?  We would like to suggest that, it’s a man created empirical constant and is having no physical existence. Clearly speaking, it’s not real but virtual. For understanding the secrets of large scale gravitational effects, scientists consider it as a physical constant. In the same way, each atomic interaction can be allowed to have its own gravitational constant. With further study, their magnitudes can be refined for a better understanding of the nature. Thinking in this way, we tried to fit the Newtonian gravitational constant. It’s estimated value seems to be 6.679855x10^(-11) m3/kg/sec2. Proceeding further, the famous radiation constants  can be shown to be complex or secondary physical constants. By considering proton neutron stability, nuclear binding energy, nuclear charge radii, neutron life time, Fermi’s weak coupling constant and strong coupling constant, we are trying to understand the validity of the proposed three atomic gravitational constants. It needs further study.

scholarly journals Efficient Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks Emphasizing Quality of Service by Trust & Energy based AODV

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
S. Sridhar ◽  
R. Baskaran
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Centralized Management ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Qos Metrics

Attention in the region of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is increasing because of its realistic applications and necessity of communication in mobile devices. A mobile ad hoc network consists of mobile self configuring wireless nodes and these nodes communicate between them without any centralized management. The dynamic characteristics of MANET, has made it fairly demanding to uphold connectivity and guarantee Quality of Service (QoS). The trust based routing is one way to form cooperation among nodes for performing an efficient routing between nodes. In this paper a trust and energy based AODV is presented where nodes are selected for routing based on its trust and energy value. Trust is calculated based on the nodes success and failure rate. Energy calculated based on consumed and remaining energy values. A threshold value is defined and nodes are preferred for routing only if its trust and energy levels are higher than threshold. The work is implemented and simulated on NS-2. The simulation results have shown improvement on QoS metrics when compared with traditional AODV and DSR.

scholarly journals DFT Examination of Electronic and Structural Features of Favipiravir for Iron Chelation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5081-5088
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Density Functional Theory Calculations ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Atomic Descriptors

Density functional theory calculations were performed to examine electronic and structural features of favipiravir (Fav) for iron (Fe) chelation. Fav was well known for the possible medication of COVID-19; however, its mechanism of action has still been a challenging issue. Therefore, this work was done to provide information regarding the possible action of Fav for participating in the Fe chelation process. To this aim, various types of molecular and atomic descriptors were obtained to discuss the topic of this work. Obtained values of energies indicated different levels of stability for pure Fav compounds, in which such variations were also found for FavFe complexes. Molecular orbital-related features showed a different tendency to contribute to reactions for both pure and complex Fav models, in which changes of the energy levels of molecular orbitals raise the detection function of Fe for Fav compounds. Atomic-scale features also indicated direct and indirect roles of atomic sites for formations of FavFe complex models. As a consequence, the idea of Fe chelation by Fav compound was affirmed regarding the obtained results with providing detailed information for investigating the mechanism of action of Fav in treatment of COVID-19.

Two Types of Space in the Hydrogen Atom not Predictable with Quantum Mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-339
Author(s):  
Koshun Suto
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Positive Mass ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quantum Condition

Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship is not applicable to the electron in a hydrogen atom. Therefore, the author has previously derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron inside the hydrogen atom where potential energy exists. However, the initially-derived relationship did not incorporate the discontinuities in energy which are characteristic of quantum mechanics. Therefore, the author derived a new quantum condition to take the place of Bohr’s quantum condition, i.e., , and that was used to incorporate discontinuity into the relationship derived by the author. When that relationship is solved, it is evident that, in addition to the existing energy levels, there are also ultra-low energy levels where the electron mass becomes negative. A previously unknown state of the hydrogen atom exists, formed from an electron with negative mass and a proton with positive mass. The electron with negative mass exists near the proton. The author predicts that this unknown matter is the true nature of dark matter, an unknown source of gravity whose true nature is currently unknown.

scholarly journals A Robust Dirichlet Reputation and Trust Evaluation of Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Eric Chiejina ◽  
Hannan Xiao ◽  
Bruce Christianson ◽  
Alexios Mylonas ◽  
Chidinma Chiejina
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Trust Management ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Evaluation Technique ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

The distributed nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) presents security challenges and vulnerabilities which sometimes lead to several forms of attacks. To improve the security in MANETs, reputation and trust management systems (RTMS) have been developed to mitigate some attacks and threats arising from abnormal behaviours of nodes in networks. Generally, most reputation and trust systems in MANETs focus mainly on penalising uncooperative network nodes. It is a known fact that nodes in MANETs have limited energy resources and as such, the continuous collaboration of cooperative nodes will lead to energy exhaustion. This paper develops and evaluates a robust Dirichlet reputation and trust management system which measures and models the reputation and trust of nodes in the network, and it incorporates candour into the mode of operations of the RTMS without undermining network security. The proposed RTMS employs Dirichlet probability distribution in modelling the individual reputation of nodes and the trust of each node is computed based on the node’s actual network performance and the accuracy of the second-hand reputations it gives about other nodes. The paper also presents a novel candour two-dimensional trustworthiness evaluation technique that categorises the behaviours of nodes based on their evaluated total reputation and trust values. The evaluation and analyses of some of the simulated behaviours of nodes in the deployed MANETs show that the candour two-dimensional trustworthiness evaluation technique is an effective technique that encourages and caters to nodes that continuously contribute to the network despite the reduction in their energy levels.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of the Hyperfine Structure of Neutral Praseodymium Spectral Lines and Discovery of New Energy Levels

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamim Khan ◽  
Imran Siddiqui ◽  
Syed Tanweer Iqbal ◽  
Zaheer Uddin ◽  
G. H. Guthöhrlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Hyperfine Structure ◽  
Laser Excitation ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Angular Momenta ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Fourier Transform Spectrum

Experimental investigations of Pr I spectral lines were performed by means of laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, using a hollow cathode discharge lamp as source of free atoms. The wavelengths for the laser excitation were found by the help of a highly resolved Fourier transform spectrum. Altogether we excited 236 unclassified lines and analysed their hyperfine structure, which led, together with the measured wavelengths of the observed fluorescence lines, to the discovery of 32 new even parity and 38 odd parity fine structure energy levels. These levels allow to classify more than 670 spectral lines of Pr I. The wave number calibrated Fourier transform spectrum allowed us to determine the energies of most of these newly discovered levels with an uncertainty of 0.015 cm-1. Angular momenta, parity, and magnetic and electric hyperfine interaction constants (A and B) of the new levels were also determined.

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