Recent Developments in Medicated Lozenges: A Promising Dosage Form for the Effective Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Sharma ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Gurmeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Drug Targeting ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Background: The delivery of therapeutic agents through the oral route remains the most favorable one as compared to other routes of drug administration. However, numerous disadvantages are encountered in conventional formulations such as low bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, gastric irritation, delayed onset of action, bitter taste, low retention time, frequent dosing, and non-localized drug targeting. All these problems encountered guide the various pharmaceutical industries to manufacture and develop a novel solid oral dosage form called lozenges. Lozenges are solid oral dosage forms of medicament, meant to be dissolved within the mouth or pharynx. It may consist of one or more than one medicinal agent contained in a sweetened and flavored base material. Objective: The present review is focused on various types, compositions, methodologies used to prepare the medicated lozenges and on different evaluation parameters that establish its safety and efficacy. It also put a light on different commercially available and reported medicated lozenges formulation. Method: The various review and research articles reported by different researchers were studied extensively by using the databases of Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and various commercial websites that were also investigated for information regarding new products. Results: Lozenges provides various advantages in terms of patient compliance, rapid onset of action, prolonged retention time, enhancement of bioavailability, ease of manufacturing, localized drug targeting, sustained or controlled effect, and reduced dosing frequency. It has also the ability to incorporate the drugs belong to different therapeutic classes for treating various disorders related to oral cavities like gingivitis, dental plaque, mouth ulcers, throat pain, oral thrush, throat infection, periodontitis, and pharyngitis. However, its applicability is not only limited to localized action, but it has also been employed to deliver the drug systemically for the conditions such as cough, decongestion, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, allergy, low immunity, fever, body ache, the killing of worms and smoking cessation. Conclusion: It was concluded that it has been played an important role in the field of drug delivery and will continue to perform in the same way in the future as well.

scholarly journals Sublingual Tablets : An Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Rohit S. Nikam ◽  
Smita P Borkar ◽  
Prakash D Jadhav ◽  
Vishal D. Yadav ◽  
Apurva V Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Mouth Area ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Oral Mucous Membrane

Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a useful when rapid onset of action is desired with better patient compliance than oraly ingested tablets. In terms of permeability, the sublingual area of the oral cavity (i.e. the floor of the mou) is more permeable than the buccal (cheek) area, which in turn is more permeable than the palatal (roof of the mouth) area. A rapid onset of pharmacological effect is often desired for some drugs, especially those used in the treatment of acute disorders. Sublingual tablets disintegrate rapidly and the small amount of saliva present is usually sufficient for achieving disintegration of the dosage form coupled with better dissolution and increased bioavailability.

A Review on Enteric Coated Pellets Composed of Core Pellets Prepared by Extrusion-Spheronization

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hetal Patel ◽  
Mukesh Gohel
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Enteric Coating ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
The Core ◽  
Current State ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
Extrusion Spheronization ◽  
Acid Labile

Enteric coated dosage form bypasses the stomach and releases the drug into the small intestine. Advantages of enteric coated pellets in comparison with enteric coated tablets are a) Pellets provide rapid onset of action and faster drug release due to the smaller size than tablets and b) Pellets exhibit less residence time of acid-labile drugs in the stomach compared to tablets. Dosage form coat can be damaged by longer resistance time in the stomach. The present review summarizes the current state of enteric coated pellets where core pellets are prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique and the enteric coating is applied in a fluidized bed processor. Two approaches are involved in the preparation of core pellets. In the first approach, a mixture of drug and excipient(s)/co-processed excipient is passed through extruders to prepare core pellets. In the second approach, excipient core pellets are prepared by extrusion technique and the drug is layered onto it before the enteric coating. The excipients present in the core pellets decide immediate or extended release of drug in the intestine. The coprocessed excipient pellets provide less batch variability and provide a platform for layering of many drugs before enteric coating. Some patents included enteric coating pellets [CN105456223 (A), CN105596310 (A), CN105616371 (A), CN105663095 (A), CN101611766B, CN106511862 (A), CN106668018 (A), CN106727381 (A), CN106924222 (A), TW200624127 (A), US 2017/0165248A1, US 2017/0224720A1] are discussed.

Intravenous-to-Oral Stepdown Program: Four Years of Experience in a Large Teaching Hospital

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1447-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Frighetto ◽  
Donna Nickoloff ◽  
Shelagh M. Martinusen ◽  
Fatima S. Mamdani ◽  
Peter J. Jewesson
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of an intravenous-to-oral (iv-po) stepdown program on the relative use of oral and parenteral dosage forms of select antimicrobials. DESIGN: A retrospective review of drug utilization records before and after a trial comparing metronidazole and clindamycin prescribing trends from a 12-month baseline period to a four-year follow-up period. SETTING: One thousand-bed Canadian tertiary care referral teaching center. INTERVENTION: An authorized iv-po stepdown program was developed to promote the oral route of drug administration. Reminders of iv-po stepdown were produced for metronidazole and clindamycin and these notes were sent to nursing units with the parenteral dosage form. The notes then were attached to the front of the health record to serve as a reminder to prescribers that an equally effective, well-tolerated, and less-expensive oral dosage form was available for use. RESULTS: A 44 percent relative increase in the use of oral metronidazole and a 79 percent relative increase in the use of oral clindamycin occurred. When acquisition and delivery costs were considered, cumulative cost savings from 1988 to 1991 resulted for metronidazole ($31920) and clindamycin ($53880). CONCLUSIONS: This intervention represents a simple yet effective method of promoting a process of stepdown from parenteral to oral antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Sublingual route for systemic drug delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6-s) ◽  
pp. 340-343
Author(s):  
Poonam P Pawar ◽  
Hemant S Ghorpade ◽  
Bhavana A. Kokane
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Sublingual Gland ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Systemic Drug Delivery ◽  
Sublingual Delivery

Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a rapid onset of action and better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Sublingual literally meaning is “under the tongue”, administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability.  Sublingual technology is convenient for dosing in geriatric, pediatric and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. Sublingual drug delivery shows fast therapeutic action than orally ingested drugs with fewer side effects. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages, different sublingual Gland, sublingual formulation such as tablets, films drops, sprays etc, evaluation parameters. Keywords: Sublingual delivery, dysphagia, sublingual gland, improved bioavailability, evaluations.

scholarly journals FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS: A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ashish Masih ◽  
Amar Kumar ◽  
Shivam Singh ◽  
Ajay Kumar Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Release Time

Fast dissolving tablets emerge as one of the popular and widely accepted dosage forms, especially for pediatric patients because of incomplete development of the muscular and nervous system and a case of geriatric patients suffering from Parkinson’s disorder or hand tremors. Few solid dosage forms like capsules and tablets are present days facing the problems like difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), resulting in many incidences of non-compliance and making the therapy ineffective. Oral dosage form and oral route are the most preferred route of administration for various drugs have limitations like first-pass metabolism, psychiatric patients, bedridden and uncooperative patients. FDTs are disintegrating or dissolve quickly in the saliva without a need of water. Fast dissolving tablets are designed to dissolve in saliva remarkably faster, within a few seconds (less than 60 seconds), and those are real fast-dissolving tablets. FDTs formulations contain super disintegrants to enhance the disintegration rate of a tablet in the buccal cavity. FDTs have advantages such as easy portability and manufacturing, accurate dosing, good chemical and physical stability and an ideal alternative for geriatric and pediatric patients. FDTs have disintegrated quickly, absorb faster so, in vitro drug release time improve and this property of drugs (dosage form) enhanced bioavailability. FDT formulations have the advantage of both conventional tablet formulation and liquid dosage form. There are several technologies that are conventional or patented based on spray drying, cotton candy process, sublimation, melt granulation, direct compression freezes drying/lyophilization, phase transition process, mass extrusion, etc. have been developed for manufacturing of FDTs. In this review contain brief information about FDTs including definition, advantages, needs or requirements of FDTs, salient features of FDTs, limitations, challenges to developing FDT, marketed formulations of fast dissolving tablets, etc.

scholarly journals Sublingual Tablets : An Overview

2019 ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Rohit S. Nikam ◽  
Rahul P. Jadhav ◽  
Dr. Prakash D. Jadhav ◽  
Vishal D. Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Peroral Administration ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Evaluation Parameters ◽  
Pass Metabolism

<p>Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a rapid onset of action and better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Sublingual literally meaning is 'under the tongue', administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. Peroral administration of drug has disadvantages such as Hepatic first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the GI tract that limits oral administration of certain classes of drug like peptides and proteins. So, other absorptive mucosa is considered as potential sites for drug administration. Trans-mucosal routes of drug delivery (i.e. the mucosal linings of the nasal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, and oral cavity) offer several advantages over peroral administration for systemic delivery. This review highlights the sublingual dosage forms for the treatment of migraine, advantages, Disadvantages, various evaluation parameters and commercially available sublingual dosage forms.</p>

A green approach for quantification of Naproxen in bulk and oral dosage form by FT-IR method

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Naresh Babu C ◽  
Mounika P ◽  
Mounika Bai R ◽  
Sai Keerthana B ◽  
Triveni S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Tablet Dosage

A very simple, non-destructive, inexpensive and green strategy applied for the quantification of Naproxen using transmission Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in bulk & tablet dosage form and the Beer’s concentration range found to be 5-25μg. For the present investigation of Naproxen, O-H, 3000 - 3500cm-1 was selected for the analysis. The correlation coefficient for the method found to be 0.9965 and the developed method analyzed for specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity of response, precision and accuracy. This work clearly shows the capability of transmission FTIR spectroscopy for assessment of exact quantity of API to control the quality of finished products as well as during processing in pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, as compared to other spectroscopic or chromatographic method, costly chemicals and toxic solvents totally avoided in this direct, inexpensive and green approach. Such types of FTIR applications have a strong potential to replace classical methods in quality assurance /quality control (QA/QC) for the analysis of active contents in pharmaceutical preparations. Keywords: Accuracy; Beer’s law; Infrared spectroscopy; Limit of detection (LOD); Limit of Quantification; Naproxen

Oral Disintegrating Tablets – An Updated Patent Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Sharma ◽  
Kuljit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Patent Citations ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Cotton Candy ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
Advantageous Effect

Abstract:: Current development in drug delivery system has been employed with an endeavour of enhancing the bioavailability, mask the taste of drug, rapid onset of action and improve patient compliance. An alternative approach of conventional dosage form is being employed to triumph over all these issues named as Orodispersible system. Over past three decades this novel dosage form gain a considerable attention as compared to other conventional solid dosage form such as tablet and capsules. ODTs dissolved or disintegrate within few seconds to a minute when put on the tongue, without need of water. ODT has an advantageous effect on paediatrics and geriatrics patients with dysphagia. Over the last decade, widespread advances in the formulation of ODTs have been executed in academia and industry that resulted in the emerging of a large number of patents. Products developed from ODT mechanics launched in the market in the 1980s, have grown bit by bit in demand and their product are rapidly escalating. Expanding in the technology forum for industrialized these systems include the use of lyophilization, cotton candy, sublimation, melt extrusion and direct compression in addition the conventional wet granulation processes and patent techniques. The present study focused on non-patent and patent citations concerning to ODT along with active ingredients, technique used and results of the innovations.

scholarly journals Formulation and Quality Control of Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs): Recent Advances and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mohammadali Poursharifi Ghourichay ◽  
Seyed Hossein Kiaie ◽  
Ali Nokhodchi ◽  
Yousef Javadzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Orally Disintegrating Tablets ◽  
Release Property ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) rapidly disintegrate or dissolve in the oral cavity without using water. Demand for ODTs has increased, and the field has overgrown in the pharmaceutical industry and academia. It is reported that ODTs have several advantages over other conventional tablets. Since some of them are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus as the saliva passes down into the stomach, in such cases, the bioavailability of the drug improves meaningfully. Furthermore, the immediate release property of ODTs makes them a popular oral dosage form in patients with swallowing challenges, children, and for cases with a need for rapid onset of action. The current review article explains the features of active ingredients and excipients used in the formulation of ODTs, discusses multiple ODT formulation and preparation techniques with their merits and demerits, and also, offers remedies for problems associated with ODTs. Moreover, quality control steps and required considerations are presented.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW ABOUT NOVEL FAST DISSOLVING ORAL FILMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin Kumar Sharma ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Sharma ◽  
Gajanan N Darwhekar ◽  
Birendra Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Solid Dosage Forms ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Cold Sore ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Oral Films ◽  
Oral Dosage Forms

Nowadays, novel fast dissolving oral films (FDF) have come in existence as an alternative dosage form in comparison with tablet, capsules, syrup and other oral dosage forms with respect to patient convenience and compliance. Fast dissolving oral films are helpful to paediatric and geriatric patients who experience difficulties in swallowing traditional oral solid-dosage forms. The FDF drug delivery systems are solid dosage form which disintegrate or dissolve within seconds when placed in the mouth cavity without need of water or chewing. FDF provide better drug dissolution, faster onset of action, bypassing the first pass metabolism of drugs and thus enhance their oral bioavailability with reduced dosing frequency. These formulations are suitable for cough, cold, sore throat, allergenic conditions, nausea, pain, hypertension and CNS disorders. The present review provides the details about the recent advancement in design and development of oral fast dissolving film.

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