Antifungal Mechanism of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Aureobasidium sp. nov. Isolated from Cerbera manghas L. against the Growth of Destructive Molds in Post Harvested Apples

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-228
Author(s):  
Dalia Sukmawati ◽  
Andisa Shabrina ◽  
Reni Indrayanti ◽  
Tri Handayani Kurniati ◽  
Muktiningsih Nurjayadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa ◽  
Killer Activity ◽  
Aureobasidium Sp ◽  
Cerbera Manghas

Background: Apples often experience postharvest damage due to being attacked by mold organisms. Several groups of molds such as Aspergillus sp., Penicilium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, and Venturia sp. can cause a serious postharvest disease exhibited as watery regions where areas of blue-green tufts of spores develop. Current methods using fungicides to control pathogenic fungi can cause resistance if applied in the long term. An alternative procedure using yeast as a biological agent has been found. Objective: The aim of this study is to screen potential yeast, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus brasielensis (isolate A1) and Aspergillus flavus section flavi (isolate A17) isolated from apple fruits. Methods: Antagonism test using YMA dual culture medium using in vitro assays and ITS rDNA identification were performed. Results: The result showed that 3 out of 19 yeast isolated from Cerbera manghas L, T1, T3 and T4, demonstrated the potential ability as a biocontrol agent. ITS rDNA identification demonstrated that T1 has a similarity to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa while T3 and T4 were identified as Aureobasidium sp. nov. The 3 isolates exhibited the ability to reduce the growth of A. brasiliensis sensu lato better than dithane 0.3% with a Disease Incidence (DI) of 100% and a Disease Severity (DS) value of 45%. Only isolate T1 and T3 were able to reduce decay symptoms in apples inoculated with A. flavus sensu lato (with DO and DS were 100% and 25%, respectively) compared to dithane pesticides 0.3%. Conclusion: This study indicated that competition between nutrients occurs between pathogenic molds and under-yeast in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, further studies in the future might be able to elucidate the ‘killer’ activity and interaction with the pathogen cells and the bio-product production using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Aureoubasidium namibiae strains to control postharvest diseases.

scholarly journals Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) Caused by Fusarium incarnatum

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Warin Intana ◽  
Suchawadee Kheawleng ◽  
Anurag Sunpapao
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Volatile Organic

Postharvest fruit rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by Trichoderma species. Seven Trichoderma spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against F. incarnatum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from T. asperellum T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of F. incarnatum by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from T. asperellum T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of F. incarnatum; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL−1 suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of T. asperellum T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of F. incarnatum and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Trichoderma asperellum Isolate against Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Brinjal Wilt

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
SMN Islam ◽  
SS Siddique ◽  
MZH Chowdhury ◽  
NJ Mishu
Keyword(s):  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Quantitative Test ◽  
Trichoderma Isolate

A native Trichoderma isolate was collected from the agricultural soil of Gazipur. This isolate was identified as a Trichoderma asperellum through morphology and analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA gene sequence and reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree. The antagonistic effects of the newly identified T. asperellum isolate were assessed against brinjal bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum both in vitro and in planta. Both qualitative and quantitative bioassays were conducted in vitro. For qualitative tests, dual culture and antibacterial activity were carried out, and pathogen growth was observed visually. The antagonism of T. asperellum cell free culture filtrate on the growth of R. solanacearum was conducted in a quantitative test. Successful antagonism was recorded after both in vitro qualitative tests. In addition, the lowest colony forming unit was recorded in 100% of CFC (2.4±0.51 ×103 cfu/ml) in quantitative test. The T. asperellum inoculated plant showed low disease incidence (13.33%) when seedlings were challenged with R. solanacearum in planta experiment. Disease incidence was 100% for seedlings when treated with only R. solanacearum. The results showed that the isolated and identified T. asperellum isolate suppressed R. solanacearum growth in vitro and protected the seedling from wilting in planta. Therefore, this isolate could be considered as a potential isolate. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2020) 24(2) : 107-120

scholarly journals Role of Biocontrol Agents in Management of Corm Rot of Saffron Caused by Fusarium oxysporum

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1398
Author(s):  
Vishal Gupta ◽  
Krishna Kumar ◽  
Kausar Fatima ◽  
Vijay Kumar Razdan ◽  
Bhagwati Charan Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Crocus Sativus ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Maximum Reduction

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is considered as one of the most expensive spices. Fusarium corm rot of saffron, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is known to cause severe yield losses worldwide. In the present study, efficacy of biocontrol agents (Trichoderma asperellum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus stratosphericus, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus subtilis) along with a chemical fungicide, carbendazim, was evaluated for managing the corm rot of saffron. Under in vitro conditions, using dual culture and poison food techniques on potato dextrose agar, T. asperellum and carbendazim significantly reduced the mycelial growth of the pathogen F. oxysporum, with the inhibition of 62.76 and 60.27%, respectively, compared with control. Under field conditions, dipping of saffron corms in carbendazim and T. asperellum exhibited maximum reduction of 82.77 and 77.84%, respectively, in the disease incidence, during the first year of experiment. However, during the second year, maximum reduction in the incidence of corm rot (68.63%) was recorded with the T. asperellum. Moreover, the population density of F. oxysporum was also significantly reduced by 60 and 80.19% while using T. asperellum after 75 and 260 days of sowing of saffron corms, compared to its population before planting of corms. In case of growth promotion traits, such as sprouting and flowering, biocontrol treatments reduced the number of days (average) of sprouting and flower emergence after sowing, compared to control.

scholarly journals VARIATION IN AGGRESSIVENESS OF FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT SPECIES TOWARDS BARLEY PLANTS DETERMINED USING THREE IN VITRO ASSAYS

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nachaat Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Progress Curve

Aggressiveness is the most important fungal trait affecting Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease invasion and stability of host resistance. Until recently, in vitro methodologies have proved to be very useful in analyzing disease responses in barley plants to FHB infection. To update our knowledge, the variation in aggressiveness for 16 isolates of four FHB species was assessed towards two barley cultivars varying in resistance to FHB. Nine aggressiveness criteria involved in three in vitro assays were used: incubation period, latent period (LP), lesion length (of detached leaf and clip-dipping inoculations), germination rate reduction, standardized area under disease progress curve (AUDPCstandard), coleoptile length reduction of Petri-dish inoculation, and percentage of infected seedlings (of foliar-spraying and pin-point inoculations). Differences in inoculated treatment were observed on young plant parts relative to water controls. Inter and intraspecific differences in aggressiveness were observed towards barley plants as measured by LP and AUDPCstandard. Nevertheless, the other seven criteria did not differentiate FHB isolates. Results indicted that a cultivar-specific aggressiveness do not exist among barley plants and pathogens for LP and AUDPCstandard. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between the data of LP and AUDPCstandard. Moreover, the values of LP and AUDPCstandard were significantly correlated with the data of disease incidence generated under controlled and field conditions. It seems that LP and AUDPCstandard are indicators of aggressiveness occurring in the whole plant during FHB infection. To our best knowledge, this is the first in vitro research full analyzing aggressiveness of four FHB species on barley plants. In addition, our study investigates the potential use of in vitro indices in predicting FHB data generated under controlled and field conditions.

scholarly journals Potential Bacterial Antagonists for the Control of Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) in Strawberry

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Josefina Viejobueno ◽  
Natalia Rodríguez-Berbel ◽  
Luis Miranda ◽  
Berta de los Santos ◽  
María Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Rdna Sequencing

The effect of antagonistic bacteria to control Macrophomina phaseolina was evaluated under in vitro, growth chamber, greenhouse and field conditions. A total of 177 bacteria, isolated from Athrocaulon macrostachyum rhizosphere of the Lebrija marsh, were screened for their potential against M. phaseolina (causes charcoal rot in strawberry) by dual culture assay. Of these isolates, 14 most promising strains were molecularly identified by the 16S rDNA sequencing method using the EzBioCloud database. These strains were tested for in vitro hydrolytic enzymes, HCN production, and biocontrol against M. phaseolina in strawberry plants. All the 14 strains produced, at least, one hydrolytic enzymatic activity and one of them, which belongs to Brevibacterium genus (Hvs8), showed the lowest records of disease incidence (20%) and severity (0.4). With these results, greenhouse and field trials were carried out with the Hvs8 strain, compared to non-treated control. In the greenhouse assays, Hvs8 strain increased root dry mass by 30%, over the control. In the field trials, production and fruit quality were not significantly different between Hvs8 treatment and non-treated control, but plant mortality and plant mortality associated to M. phaseolina decreased by more than 24% and 65% respectively, in Hvs8 treatment. This study suggests that Brevibacterium sp. Hvs8 strain could be a candidate for controlling charcoal rot in strawberry.

scholarly journals Use of Trichoderma in Biological Control of Collar Rot of Soybean and Chickpea

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Mahbuba Kaniz Hasna ◽  
Md. Abul Kashem ◽  
Farid Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Collar Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

An in vitro and field experiments for two consecutive years were conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, aiming to investigate the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum against Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot disease of soybean and chickpea. In in vitro the antagonistic activity of T. harzianum against S. rolfsii was observed through dual culture. In field experiment Trichoderma was applied as soil treatment and seed treatment. The percent inhibition of S. rolfsii induced by T. harzianum was found upto 78.9% in in vitro. The maximum reduction of collar rot disease incidence over control was 82.4% in soybean and 77.6% in chickpea which was recorded in the plot where T. harzianum was applied in the soil. The highest seed germination: 86.3% in soybean and 84.8% in chickpea, maximum fresh shoot weight: 94.5 g plant-1 in soybean, 62.5 g plant-1 in chickpea, maximum fresh root weight: 10.7 g plant-1 in soybean, 9.3 g plant-1 in chickpea and the highest yield: 2830 kg ha-1 in soybean, 1836 kg ha-1 in chickpea were obtained by the application of Trichoderma in soil. The study indicated that the tested isolate of T. harzianum had potential in controlling collar rot disease of soybean and chickpea. For the reduction of collar rot incidence application of T. harzianum in soil was found more effective than seed treatment. 

scholarly journals Potential Application of Propolis Extracts to Control the Growth of Stemphylium vesicarium in “Rocha” Pear

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Loebler ◽  
Claudia Sánchez ◽  
Elisabete Muchagato Maurício ◽  
Eugénio Diogo ◽  
Mário Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Stemphylium Vesicarium ◽  
Spot Disease ◽  
Brown Spot Disease

Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. G. Simmons is the pathogen responsible of brown spot disease in pear and has become one of the main concerns for European pear producers. In Portugal, S. vesicarium is responsible for significant yield reduction and economic losses in “Rocha” pear (Pyrus communis L. cv Rocha) production. Considering the antimicrobial potential of propolis, the high incidence of brown spot in pears and the emergence of fungicides resistance in S. vesicarium, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of Portuguese propolis as an alternative strategy to control brown spot disease in “Rocha” pear. In vitro assays showed that propolis extracts were able to inhibit up to 90% the S. vesicarium mycelial growth. In vivo assays in artificially wounded and inoculated “Rocha” pears showed that, compared to the control, the disease incidence decreased up to 25% and the lesions diameter up to 57%, in fruits treated with propolis. Moreover, propolis seems to be more efficient in reducing the disease incidence when applied after pathogen inoculation (curative assay) than when applied before pathogen inoculation (prophylactic assay). Thus, the results suggest that propolis extracts have potential to be applied as part of an integrated approach for the control of brown spot of pear.

scholarly journals The Effect of Rhizobia Isolates Against Black Root Rot Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L) Caused by Fusarium solani

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedyon Tamiru ◽  
Diriba Muleta
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Shoot Height

Objective:Evaluate for potential biocontrol agent by assessing isolates forin vitroinhibitory efficacy, probable mechanisms to inhibit fungal pathogen and effect on growth of Faba bean infected withF. solani.Methods:The effect of Rhizobium isolates on the development of radial mycelium ofF. solaniin PDA medium were testedin vitro. The experiments were carried out using the dual culture technique. Isolates that showed inhibitory effect againstF. solaniin vitrowere tested to assess hydrolytic enzymes and growth promoting traits. Subsequently, the three Rhizobium isolates that showed the greatest inhibitions and their combinations were tested in the greenhouse againstF. solaniroot rot on seedlings by applying cell suspensions at three different times of exposure to the pathogen.Results:In dual culture, 27 rhizobium isolates inhibited the radial growth ofF. solanimycelium more than 25%. Isolates JU26(1), JU15(2) and Ho-1WG, inhibited fungal radial growth by 70.5 %, 64.7% and 63.7%, respectively. Among the 27 Rhizobium isolates tested for hydrolytic enzymes 26.1%, 44.4%, 14.8% were positive for chitinase, protease and lipase production, respectively. Chitinase, protease and lipase positive isolates showed significant fungal mycelia inhibition. Eight (29.6%) were positive for hydrogen cyanide production. Also, 24(88.8%) were positive for IAA production and over 50% formed visible dissolution haloes on PA. Concurrent production of protease, lipases, chitinase, IAA and phosphate solubilization coupled with anti-fungal activity suggests potential plant growth promotion and broad-spectrum bio control of these isolates. Furthermore, combination and Ho-1WG consistently reduced disease incidence and severity; and increased growth parameters on seedling in greenhouse at all times of application compared to diseased (control). Maximum disease severity (73.3%) reduction was observed with application of combination before the pathogen. The combination formulation provided the highest (48 cm/plant) shoot height when applied before the pathogen.Conclusion:Beneficial traits strongly assist the efficiency of candidate antagonists for desired biocontrol, emphasizing the value of concerted mechanisms of action. The result indicated the possible use of Rhizobial isolates as an alternative means of BRR management but further study is needed to verify actual use in agricultural production.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus) BY ANTAGONISTIC LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM RHIZOSPHERE OF FIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
R. A. OLOYEDE ◽  
A. A. ILUPEJU ◽  
O. O. OYELAKIN ◽  
W. R. AJIJOLA
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Dual Culture

Fusarium wilt is one of the important diseases of cucumber and causes economic loss to farmers. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of rhizosphere lactic acid bacteria as biocontrol agents of Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and identified from the rhizosphere of five medicinal plants. The in-vitro antagonistic activity of LAB strains on F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum was evaluated by dual culture method. The screen house experiment was then conducted to assess the effect of antagonistic LAB isolates on Fusarium wilt disease incidence in cucumber plants. The antagonistic LAB strains were further characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique. The total LAB counts of rhizospheric soil samples ranged from 7.0×105 cfu/g to 15.0×105 cfu/g. The LAB isolates were identified as strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus (21.4%), L. plantarum (35.7%), L. fermentum (28.6%), L. alimentarius (7.1%) and L. brevis (7.1%). Treatment of cucumber seeds with antagonistic LAB strains significantly reduced Fusarium wilt of cucumber incidence from 95% to 48%. Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from the rhizosphere of A. indica exhibited strong disease suppression (49.5%). The study therefore revealed that the rhizospheric-LAB could be applied to reduce the manifestation of Fusarium wilt in cucumber.    

scholarly journals Serendipita Species Trigger Cultivar-Specific Responses to Fusarium Wilt in Tomato

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negar Ghezel Sefloo ◽  
Krzysztof Wieczorek ◽  
Siegrid Steinkellner ◽  
Karin Hage-Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Tomato Cultivars

The endophytic fungi Serendipita indica and S. vermifera have recently gained increasing attention due to their beneficial effects on plant growth and plant health. Little is known about other species, such as S. williamsii and S. herbamans. To test their biocontrol and growth-promoting potential, susceptible and tolerant tomato cultivars (Kremser Perle and Micro-Tom, respectively) were inoculated with S. williamsii, S. herbamans, S. indica, or S. vermifera and challenged with the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in greenhouse experiments. Furthermore, in vitro assays on the direct inhibitory effects of Serendipita spp. against Fol were performed. Negative effects of Fol on phenological growth in the susceptible cultivar were alleviated by all four applied Serendipita spp. Apart from these similar effects on biometric parameters, disease incidence was only reduced by S. herbamans and S. vermifera. In the tolerant cultivar, disease parameters remained unaffected although shoot dry mass was negatively affected by S. vermifera. Direct effects of Serendipita spp. against Fol were not evident in the in vitro assays indicating an indirect effect via the host plant. Our results highlight the importance of identifying cultivar-specific effects in pathogen–endophyte–plant interactions to determine the most beneficial combinations.

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