scholarly journals Recent Advancement on Ferrite Based Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-161
Author(s):  
P. Shandilya
Keyword(s):  
High Stability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Magnetic Behavior ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Water Remediation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
The Cost

The progress of ferrites and ferrites-based nanocomposites has become extensively popular in the field of photocatalytic wastewater treatment. This class of compound exhibit several fascinating properties related with their high stability, low cost, ease of functionalization, and biocompatibility. Ferrites carry outstanding magnetic behavior that helps in their easy recovery from the aqueous system thus reducing the cost. The morphology and various properties such as magnetic, absorption, optoelectronic of magnetic ferrites can be varied and optimize by applying different synthetic routes and reaction conditions. With this background we have briefly presented and reviewed the latest development in the field of photodegradation of aqueous pollutants using ferrites based heterojunction. Especially, the type-II, Z-scheme and S-scheme based heterojunction for enhanced pollutant degradation under the exposure of light are thoroughly describe. Ferrites have inherent potential in water remediation applications hence many examples were consider to impart valuable knowledge to the readers. Nevertheless, the large-scale utilization of these magnetic nanoparticles still needs to be explored. Therefore, the gaps, challenges and future prospective of ferrites nanoparticles are also explained to unveil the un-scrutinized standard of ferrites nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Modelling key market impacts and land allocation for biofuel production and forestry

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. Korobeinikov ◽  
P. Read ◽  
A. Parshotam ◽  
J. Lermit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

It has been suggested that the large scale use of biofuel, that is, fuel derived from biological materials, especially in combination with reforestation of large areas, can lead to a low-cost reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In this paper, a model of three markets: fuel, wood products, and land are considered with the aim of evaluating the impact of large scale biofuel production and forestry on these markets, and to estimate the cost of a policy aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is shown that the costs are lower than had been previously expected.

Performance and Isotherm Studies in Phenol Adsorption From Wastewater Using Low Cost Biomass Derived From Coconut Shells

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Mohan Rao T. ◽  
K. Rajesh Kumar ◽  
G. Shyamala ◽  
R. Gobinath
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Textile Processing ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Coconut Shells ◽  
The Cost

With the growth of urbanization and industrialization, water bodies are getting polluted. Among various pollutants, phenol-based pollutants are common water pollutions which originate from wastewater discharged from processing manufacturing industries like petrochemical refineries, ceramic plants, textile processing, leather processing, synthetic rubbers, etc. These pollutants are toxic and have long-term ill effects on both humans and aquatic animals. Adsorption is well proven technique which is widely used for removal of pollutions from aqueous environments. But this process, is hindered due to the cost of adsorbents especially for large scale continuous processes. In this regard, adsorbents derived from waste biomass can be a great asset to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment. To meet this objective, coconut shells are chosen as biomass which is abundantly available from south east Asia. This biomass is converted into activated carbon and hence used to remove phenol from wastewater. Batch adsorption experiments were performed with different initial concentration, carbon dosage, pH and contact time. At a lower concentration of 50 mg/L of initial feed (phenol) concentration resulted in around 90% phenol removal and henceforth optimum results in phenol removal obtained in only 64%. Experimental results are in good agreement with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and have shown a better fitting to the experimental data. These studies confirm that the coconut shell-based activated carbon could be used to effectively adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions.

Low-cost manufacturing process for nanostructured metals and alloys

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2484-2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis L. Brown ◽  
Srinivasan Swaminathan ◽  
Srinivasan Chandrasekar ◽  
W. Dale Compton ◽  
Alexander H. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Pure Metals ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Machining Operations ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing

In spite of their interesting properties, nanostructured materials have found limited uses because of the cost of preparation and the limited range of materials that can be synthesized. It has been shown that most of these limitations can be overcome by subjecting a material to large-scale deformation, as occurs during common machining operations. The chips produced during lathe machining of a variety of pure metals, steels, and other alloys are shown to be nanostructured with grain (crystal) sizes between 100 and 800 nm. The hardness of the chips is found to be significantly greater than that of the bulk material.

OPTIMAL TESTING RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR MODULAR SOFTWARE CONSIDERING COST, TESTING EFFORT AND RELIABILITY USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. KAPUR ◽  
ANU. G. AGGARWAL ◽  
KANICA KAPOOR ◽  
GURJEET KAUR
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Software Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
The Cost

The demand for complex and large-scale software systems is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the development of high-quality, reliable and low cost computer software has become critical issue in the enormous worldwide computer technology market. For developing these large and complex software small and independent modules are integrated which are tested independently during module testing phase of software development. In the process, testing resources such as time, testing personnel etc. are used. These resources are not infinitely large. Consequently, it is an important matter for the project manager to allocate these limited resources among the modules optimally during the testing process. Another major concern in software development is the cost. It is in fact, profit to the management if the cost of the software is less while meeting the costumer requirements. In this paper, we investigate an optimal resource allocation problem of minimizing the cost of software testing under limited amount of available resources, given a reliability constraint. To solve the optimization problem we present genetic algorithm which stands up as a powerful tool for solving search and optimization problems. The key objective of using genetic algorithm in the field of software reliability is its capability to give optimal results through learning from historical data. One numerical example has been discussed to illustrate the applicability of the approach.

scholarly journals Technologies for Distributed Generation: key performance factors for industrial application

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Nalbandyan ◽  
S. S. Zholnerchik
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The Cost

The reduction in the cost of technologies for distributed generation involves an increasing decentralization of power generation and large-scale development of distributed sources around the world. This trend is a key change in both the characteristics of electricity consumption: it is becoming increasingly flexible and mobile, and the patterns of consumer behavior in the electricity market. Electricity consumers are becoming at the same time its suppliers and require revision of traditional regulation standards of the electricity market. The purpose of the article is to assess the influence of distributed generation on the economy of both enterprises and the country as a whole. To identify the effects of the introduction of distributed generation technologies, the method of case study analysis is used. The empirical analysis was carried out on the basis of twelve Russian companies that use their own energy sources. The selected companies belong to the following industries: industrial production, housing and communal services, retail trade, construction, agriculture. Technological and economic effects are revealed. Technological ones include: improving consumer reliability, energy security, involving local energy resources, optimizing load management and redundancy, providing the flexibility of smart grids (in terms of generation), reducing the load on the environment, including CO2 emissions. Economic effects: optimization of the load schedule, reduction of losses in the process of transmission/distribution of energy, expansion of cogeneration, etc., providing the consumer with the electricity of a given quality, saving losses in networks, reducing the cost of energy. The identified effects of the introduction of distributed generation technologies make it possible to highlight the advantages of regeneration facilities: high efficiency and the possibility of cogeneration and trigeneration, individual maneuvering capacity loading, high reliability of equipment, low cost of transportation of electricity, fuel usage of the by-products and the main production waste. In conclusion, recommendations are formulated on a set of measures for the development of industrial distributed generation in Russia at the Federal level.

Assessment of Optimized Process Quality and Reliability for Wafer Level Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (S2) ◽  
pp. S1-S52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennis Ogawa ◽  
Aimin Xing ◽  
David F.-S. Liao ◽  
Ten V. Y. Ten ◽  
Chong Wei Neo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Single Defect ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
Edge Delamination ◽  
The Cost

Fanout Wafer Level Packaging (FoWLP) is a very attractive solution for microelectronics applications requiring optimized performance, smaller form factor, and low cost. By utilizing such an approach where system integration is done to multiple chips on a single package frame, the need to ensure much higher levels of process integrity, quality, and reliability becomes absolutely critical, especially if the total product volume lies in the range of tens of millions of units. A single defect type may negate the benefits of such an approach because the cost of losing one FoWLP unit results in the loss of multiple devices. Thus, yield, quality, and reliability optimization using such a package solution is critical for successful large scale manufacturing. In this talk, the issue of defectivity and its impact on quality and reliability on Wafer-Level (WL) devices with regards to the issue of Die Edge Delamination (DED) and Chip Mechanical Integrity (CMI) is discussed. Through this discussion and the resulting solutions found to improve WL quality and reliability, better understanding on how to assess the quality and reliability of a given FoWLP solution for large scale production will be demonstrated.

Amines via Hydroaminomethylation: An Updated Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmela G. Arena
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Atom Economy ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Cost

: Aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines are widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, surfactants and rubber chemicals. Most traditional synthetic methods are often unsuitable for large-scale production due to poor selectivity, harsh reaction conditions and the cost of starting materials. In this context, hydroaminomethylation (HAM) is a very attractive catalytic process with high atom economy that starts from inexpensive reagents, such as alkenes. This review aims to provide an updated overview of hydroaminomethylation as a useful tool for synthesizing aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines. Therefore, the discussion will focus on both unsaturated starting compounds and the amines obtained by this one-pot reaction.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost and High-Efficiency Culture Medium for Bacteriocin Lac-B23 Production by Lactobacillus plantarum J23

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Jianming Zhang ◽  
Yushan Bu ◽  
Chengcheng Zhang ◽  
Huaxi Yi ◽  
Daqun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mrs Broth

At present, De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth is the medium of choice for promoting bacteriocin production. However, this medium is expensive and not applicable for large-scale production. Therefore, a low-cost and high-efficiency culture medium for bacteriocin Lac-B23 production by Lactobacillus plantarum J23 was developed. First, the effects of the composition of MRS broth on bacteriocin Lac-B23 production and bacterial growth were researched by a one variable at a time approach. Then, a Plackett-Burman design was used to screen significant components for production. Finally, the steepest ascent and central composite designs were used to obtain an optimum medium. The final composition of the modified MRS was much simpler than MRS broth, and the modified MRS contained only glucose, yeast extract, dipotassium phosphate, manganese sulfate monohydrate, Tween 80 and sodium acetate anhydrous. The highest bacteriocin Lac-B23 production reached 2560 activity units (AU)/mL in the modified MRS, which is nine times higher than that in MRS broth (280 AU/mL). Meanwhile, the cost per liter of the modified MRS (8.56 Ren Min Bi (RMB)/L) is 34.70% the cost of MRS broth (13.11 RMB/L), and the cost per arbitrary units of bacteriocin Lac-B23 in the modified MRS is approximately fourteen times more convenient (3.34 RMB/106 AU) than in the MRS broth (46.82 RMB/106 AU).

Pretreatment of Herbicides Production Wastewater by Spherical Micro-Electrolysis Media

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 1079-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Jing Liang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Cost

[Objective] The aim is to study the pretreatment effect of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media. [Method] Spherical micro-electrolysis media is preferred for the pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater and effects of PH, amount of media and reaction time on the pretreatment was investigated. The change of pre- and post-processing herbicides production wastewater was determined; the operation cost was also analyzed. [Result]The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the PH was 3; the amount of media was 1.0kg/L wastewater; and the reaction time was 3.0h. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the removal of COD, Chromaticity and TP reached 26.3%, 86.4% and 95.6% respectively; BOD5/COD varied from 0.10 to 0.35, and the biodegradability was improved greatly; the cost of pretreatment was 1.0yuan/t, and it was lower than that of electrolysis. [Conclusion] The pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media has good effect, low cost and no soiling hardening, so it provides a good foundation for subsequent biological treatment.

scholarly journals Micropropagation of Agapanthus umbellatus var. minor by using two systems of multiplication

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 2923
Author(s):  
Luciana Alves Fogaça ◽  
Enio Luiz Pedrotti ◽  
Antonio Carlos Alves
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temporary Immersion System ◽  
Temporary Immersion ◽  
Multiplication Process ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Agapanthus Umbellatus ◽  
The Cost

For conventional micropropagation methods, semisolidified medium (SM) is used; the use of this medium requires intense manipulation of the cultures and skilled labor. Systems that use liquid medium show equal or better efficiency of the multiplication process, besides reducing the cost for the elimination of agar. In this study, we evaluated the mass propagation of Agapanthus umbellatus var. minor two in vitro multiplication systems (SM system and temporary immersion system [SIT]). The plant material was grown in MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA; 0.0, 8.9, 17.8, and 35.6 ?M). The data obtained in this study demonstrate that the two systems used were efficient for the multiplication phase of this species. However, we recommend SIT in view of its reuse in the process of multiplication and rooting. Moreover, simple construction, low cost of the culture medium, and low cost of the bioreactors and the fact that agar is not required qualify this system as an efficient alternative for large-scale micropropagation of Agapanthus umbellatus var. minor. We recommend 17.8 ?M 6-BA for the SM system and 8.9 ?M 6-BA for SIT.

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