scholarly journals An overview of the remaining challenges of the RILEM TC 274-TCE, testing and characterisation of earth-based building materials and elements

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Antonin Fabbri ◽  
Jean Claude Morel ◽  
Jean-Emmanuel Aubert ◽  
Quoc-Bao Bui ◽  
Domenico Gallipoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Rilem Technical Committee ◽  
Approach Coping ◽  
Earthen Construction ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Earthen Architecture ◽  
Ecological Transition

Based on the RILEM Technical Committee 274-TCE work, this paper is a discussion of the remaining engineering challenges faced by earthen architecture. The assessment of earth material performances requires the development of appropriate procedures and standards. This is discussed in particular for the characterisation, hygrothermal behaviour, mechanical behaviour, and durability of earth materials. One other important challenge, since one of the main advantages classically put forward, is its ecological performance, is a proper assessment of life cycle assessment of earth materials, elements and buildings. Moreover, the paper develops why the approach to earthen construction must be different compared to the dominant construction materials, to preserve its ability to contribute to the ecological transition in the construction sector. In particular, the needs of using local soils, with an architectural approach coping with the limits of the materials, and developing an architectural optimisation to preserve the earthen materials multifunctionality rather than selecting a sole property to be maximised. Lastly, the findings of the paper can be used to develop a holistic approach to earthen construction to foster the development of new earthen architecture projects.

scholarly journals Biological susceptibility of earth plasters: The influence of relative humidity on fungal growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Marie Sokolová ◽  
Pavla Ryparová
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earthen Construction ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Microbiological Agents ◽  
Number Of Authors

All building materials can be affected by microbiological agents during their lifecycle. The presence of microorganisms changes the appearance of the surface, degrading it, and they can even cause health problems to the residents. The biological susceptibility is dependent on the content of nutrient based on organic compounds. Thus one of the most susceptible of those materials are earthen construction materials. The degree of fungal growth is influenced by the chemical composition and plant fibres additives as well as the external conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. The earth plastering mortar has started to gain more attention recently as it is considered to have a low environmental impact and to increase the indoor air quality. Mechanical and physical characteristics of earth materials were studied by a number of authors but the knowledge about the biological resistance of the material is scarce. This study intends to look into the issue of the biological colonisation of earth plasters depending on the relative humidity. The samples, made of four types of earth plasters with different plant fibres, were placed to an environment of the relative humidity ranging from 33% to 100%. During a period of 4 weeks the extent of fungal growth was observed.

scholarly journals SNI - 2491-2014

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subandi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Tensile Strength Test

This is the standard method of tensile strength test for split concrete cylindrical specimens issued by the Indonesian National Standard Board (SNI) of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) on "The tensile strength test method of cylindrical concrete specimens" is a revision of SNI 03-2491-2002, Testing methods the tensile strength of concrete. This standard is the result of identical adoption of ASTM C496 / C496M-04, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. This standard was prepared by the 91-01 Technical Committee on Building Construction Materials and Civil Engineering through the Building Materials Working Group on the 91-01-S4 Technical Sub-Committee on Building Materials, Science and Construction. The writing procedures are compiled following the BSN Guideline Number 8 of 2007 and have been discussed in a consensus meeting on June 3, 2013, in Bandung, by a Technical Sub-Committee involving speakers, experts, and related institutions.

scholarly journals Earth as Building Material – an overview of RILEM activities and recent Innovations in Geotechnics

2018 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 02001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Vyncke ◽  
Laura Kupers ◽  
Nicolas Denies
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Soil Mixing ◽  
Set Up

This paper presents an overview of the different earth building techniques, the latest innovations and the normative aspects. The oldest man made earth constructions known to exist date back to 10 000 BC. Since then, earth has remained a popular building material throughout history. With time, different techniques evolved, starting from sundried adobe blocks to cob constructions, rammed earth walls and compressed earth bricks. Today these techniques are still being optimized and alternative binders, specifically adapted admixtures and surface treatments are being developed. Even though nearly one third of the world’s population lives in an earth construction, few specific building standards and testing methods exist. Many of the tests used today are based on tests for concrete and thus do not take into account the complex nature of earth constructions, such as their sensitivity to water. RILEM, the union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures, set up a new Technical Committee in 2016: TC TCE (Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based building materials and elements). This committee, consisting of an international group of experts on the topic, aim to define testing procedures for earth as a building construction material. To end with, this paper also gives a short introduction to “Deep soil mixing”, an “earth” building technique dedicated to geotechnical engineering.

scholarly journals Assessing the performance of earth building materials: a review of recent developments

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonin Fabbri ◽  
Jean-Claude Morel ◽  
Domenico Gallipoli
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Rilem Technical Committee ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
Raw Earth

After being almost abandoned at the end of the Second World War, the use of raw earth is currently regaining the interest of architects, engineers and policy makers for the construction of dwellings in industrialised countries. This renaissance is driven by growing ecological awareness and the promotion of construction techniques that minimize energy consumption and carbon emissions. Raw earth displays very interesting thermo-hygro-mechanical properties, which can contribute to the reduction of the environmental impact of buildings not only during construction but also during service life.  Nevertheless, one of the reasons that still prevents dissemination of raw earth into construction practice is the lack of commonly agreed procedures for assessing material performance. The RILEM technical committee TCE 274 has been established as a first step for overcoming this obstacle. The objective of the technical committee is to critically examine current testing procedures in order to propose suitable experimental standards. The results of this work will be presented in future publications while the present paper summarizes the main challenges faced by the committee and briefly describes some of the existing procedures for measuring the engineering properties of earth materials.

scholarly journals Mortars with Recycled Aggregates from Building-Related Processes: A ‘Four-Step’ Methodological Proposal for a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2756
Author(s):  
Federica Vitale ◽  
Maurizio Nicolella
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
By Products

Because the production of aggregates for mortar and concrete is no longer sustainable, many attempts have been made to replace natural aggregates (NA) with recycled aggregates (RA) sourced from factories, recycling centers, and human activities such as construction and demolition works (C&D). This article reviews papers concerning mortars with fine RA from C&D debris, and from the by-products of the manufacturing and recycling processes of building materials. A four-step methodology based on searching, screening, clustering, and summarizing was proposed. The clustering variables were the type of aggregate, mix design parameters, tested properties, patents, and availability on the market. The number and the type of the clustering variables of each paper were analysed and compared. The results showed that the mortars were mainly characterized through their physical and mechanical properties, whereas few durability and thermal analyses were carried out. Moreover, few fine RA were sourced from the production waste of construction materials. Finally, there were no patents or products available on the market. The outcomes presented in this paper underlined the research trends that are useful to improve the knowledge on the suitability of fine RA from building-related processes in mortars.

scholarly journals Application of Plastic Wastes in Construction Materials: A Review Using the Concept of Life-Cycle Assessment in the Context of Recent Research for Future Perspectives

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3549
Author(s):  
Tulane Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo ◽  
Daiane Cecchin ◽  
Markssuel Teixeira Marvila ◽  
Mugahed Amran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
Solid Waste Generation ◽  
Alternative Processes

The urbanization process contributes to the growth of solid waste generation and causes an increase in environmental impacts and failures in the management of solid waste. The number of dumps is a concern due to the limited implementation and safe disposal of this waste. The interest in sustainable techniques has been growing in relation to waste management, which is largely absorbed by the civil construction sector. This work aimed to review plastic waste, especially polyethylene terephthalate (PET), that can be incorporated with construction materials, such as concrete, mortars, asphalt mixtures, and paving. The use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) is related, as a tool that allows the sustainability of products and processes to be enhanced in the long term. After analyzing the recent literature, it was identified that studies related to plastic wastes in construction materials concentrate sustainability around the alternative destination of waste. Since the plastic waste from different production chains are obtained, it was possible to affirm the need for a broader assessment, such as the LCA, providing greater quantification of data making the alternative processes and products more sustainable. The study contributes to enhance sustainability in alternative building materials through LCA.

scholarly journals Characterization of different earthen construction materials in oasis of south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia Province)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. e00496
Author(s):  
Abdellah Mellaikhafi ◽  
Amine Tilioua ◽  
Hanène Souli ◽  
Mohammed Garoum ◽  
Moulay Ahmed Alaoui Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Earthen Construction ◽  
Eastern Morocco

scholarly journals Fire Resistance Behaviour of Geopolymer Concrete:An Overview

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Salmabanu Luhar ◽  
Demetris Nicolaides ◽  
Ismail Luhar
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Thermal Shrinkage ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Loss Of Strength

Even though, an innovative inorganic family of geopolymer concretes are eye-catching potential building materials, it is quite essential to comprehend the fire and thermal resistance of these structural materials at a very high temperature and also when experiencing fire with a view to make certain not only the safety and security of lives and properties but also to establish them as more sustainable edifice materials for future. The experimental and field observations of degree of cracking, spalling and loss of strength within the geopolymer concretes subsequent to exposure at elevated temperature and incidences of occurrences of disastrous fires extend an indication of their resistance against such severely catastrophic conditions. The impact of heat and fire on mechanical attributes viz., mechanical-compressive strength, flexural behavior, elastic modulus; durability—thermal shrinkage; chemical stability; the impact of thermal creep on compressive strength; and microstructure properties—XRD, FTIR, NMR, SEM as well as physico-chemical modifications of geopolymer composites subsequent to their exposures at elevated temperatures is reviewed in depth. The present scientific state-of-the-art review manuscript aimed to assess the fire and thermal resistance of geopolymer concrete along with its thermo-chemistry at a towering temperature in order to introduce this novel, most modern, user and eco-benign construction materials as potentially promising, sustainable, durable, thermal and fire-resistant building materials promoting their optimal and apposite applications for construction and infrastructure industries.

scholarly journals Reveal of Internal, Early-Load Interfacial Debonding on Cement Textile-Reinforced Sandwich Insulated Panels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Eleni Tsangouri ◽  
Hasan Ismail ◽  
Matthias De Munck ◽  
Dimitrios G. Aggelis ◽  
Tine Tysmans
Keyword(s):  
Average Frequency ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Interfacial Debonding ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Rilem Technical Committee ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Displacement Mapping ◽  
Early Loading ◽  
Damage Tracking

Internal interfacial debonding (IID) phenomena on sandwich façade insulated panels are detected and tracked by acoustic emission (AE). The panels are made of a thin and lightweight cementitious composite skin. In the lab, the panels are tested under incremental bending simulating service loads (i.e., wind). Local (up to 150 mm wide) skin-core detachments are reported in the early loading stage (at 5% of ultimate load) and are extensively investigated in this study, since IID can detrimentally affect the long-term durability of the structural element. A sudden rise in the AE hits rate and a shift in the wave features (i.e., absolute energy, amplitude, rise time) trends indicate the debonding onset. AE source localization, validated by digital image correlation (DIC) principal strains and out-of-plane full-field displacement mapping, proves that early debonding occurs instantly and leads to the onset of cracks in the cementitious skin. At higher load levels, cracking is accompanied by local debonding phenomena, as proven by RA value increases and average frequency drops, a result that extends the state-of-the-art in the fracture assessment of concrete structures (Rilem Technical Committee 212-ACD). Point (LVDT) and full-field (AE/DIC) measurements highlight the need for a continuous and full-field monitoring methodology in order to pinpoint the debonded zones, with the DIC technique accurately reporting surface phenomena while AE offers in-volume damage tracking.

scholarly journals Self-Cleaning Concrete for Landscaping Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 289 ◽  
pp. 05004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana-Maria Mircea
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Catalytic Material ◽  
Self Cleaning ◽  
Agriculture Water

Negative effects of environmental pollution pose a significant risk to agriculture, water resources and human health. This can however be reduced by selecting appropriate materials in construction and landscape architecture. It is well-known that strong sunlight or ultraviolet light decomposes many organic materials in a slow natural process. Photocatalytic substances accelerate this process and when used in concrete (which is one of the most widely used construction materials), permit the treatment of pollutants close to their source by applying a self-cleaning principle: decomposing organic materials, biological materials and pollutants into molecules like oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, nitrates, and sulphates. Catalytic material activation will start due to energy that is received from sunlight (it also can be activated using artificial lights), and self-cleaning begins when this material is activated. Beside other properties, this innovative self-cleaning concrete also keeps its colour for far longer than other traditional building materials, making it a desirable solution for landscaping applications.

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