Mortars with Recycled Aggregates from Building-Related Processes: A ‘Four-Step’ Methodological Proposal for a Review

Because the production of aggregates for mortar and concrete is no longer sustainable, many attempts have been made to replace natural aggregates (NA) with recycled aggregates (RA) sourced from factories, recycling centers, and human activities such as construction and demolition works (C&D). This article reviews papers concerning mortars with fine RA from C&D debris, and from the by-products of the manufacturing and recycling processes of building materials. A four-step methodology based on searching, screening, clustering, and summarizing was proposed. The clustering variables were the type of aggregate, mix design parameters, tested properties, patents, and availability on the market. The number and the type of the clustering variables of each paper were analysed and compared. The results showed that the mortars were mainly characterized through their physical and mechanical properties, whereas few durability and thermal analyses were carried out. Moreover, few fine RA were sourced from the production waste of construction materials. Finally, there were no patents or products available on the market. The outcomes presented in this paper underlined the research trends that are useful to improve the knowledge on the suitability of fine RA from building-related processes in mortars.

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Mixture Optimization of Concrete Paving Blocks Containing Waste Silt

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su14010451 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 451

Author(s):

Abbas Solouki ◽

Piergiorgio Tataranni ◽

Cesare Sangiorgi

Keyword(s):

Construction Materials ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Mix Design ◽

Waste Materials ◽

Skid Resistance ◽

Washing Process ◽

Different Types ◽

New Construction ◽

Tensile Splitting Strength ◽

By Products

Most of the waste materials recycled for the production of new construction materials are by-products of various manufacturing processes, such as the aggregate washing process. Recycling such materials is of paramount importance since it could reduce the adverse environmental impacts resulting from landfilling. Various studies have attempted to recycle different types of waste materials and by-products into concrete paving blocks. However, the availability of literature on concrete paving blocks containing waste silt is quite scarce. Thus, the current paper focuses on mix design optimization and production of concrete paving blocks containing high amounts of waste silt resulting from the aggregate production process. Using the mixture Design of Experiments (DOE), 12 sets of concrete paving blocks with different aggregate blends were produced to optimize the mix design. Once the final mix design was achieved, the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete paving blocks were investigated following the EN 1338 standard. Shape and dimension measurements and various tests, including water absorption, tensile splitting strength, abrasion resistance, and slip/skid resistance were conducted on the experimental concrete paving samples. Overall, the produced concrete paving blocks showed promising properties for future applications in pedestrian walking paths.

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Study of the Effect of PP and LDPE Thermoplastic Binder Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Physical Properties of Particulate Composites for Building Material Application

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.964.115 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 964 ◽

pp. 115-123

Author(s):

Sigit Tri Wicaksono ◽

Hosta Ardhyananta ◽

Amaliya Rasyida ◽

Feisha Fadila Rifki

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Compression Strength ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Material ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Particulate Composites ◽

Water Absorbability

Plastic waste is majority an organic material that cannot easily decomposed by bacteria, so it needs to be recycled. One of the utilization of plastic waste recycling is become a mixture in the manufacture of building materials such as concrete, paving block, tiles, roof. This experiment purpose to find out the effect of addition of variation of LDPE and PP thermoplastic binder to physical and mechanical properties of LDPE/PP/Sand composite for construction material application. In this experiment are using many tests, such are SEM, FTIR, compression strength, density, water absorbability, and hardness. the result after the test are the best composition of composite PP/LDPE/sand is 70/0/30 because its have compression strength 14,2 MPa, while density value was 1.30 g/cm3, for the water absorbability is 0.073%, and for the highest hardness is 62.3 hardness of shore D. From the results obtained, composite material can be classified into construction materials for mortar application S type with average compression strength is 12.4 MPa.

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Mortars with CDW Recycled Aggregates Submitted to High Levels of CO2

Infrastructures ◽

10.3390/infrastructures6110159 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

Ricardo Infante Gomes ◽

David Bastos ◽

Catarina Brazão Farinha ◽

Cinthia Maia Pederneiras ◽

Rosário Veiga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Recycled Aggregates ◽

Construction And Demolition Wastes ◽

Short Period ◽

Natural Aggregates ◽

Cement Factories ◽

Made In

Construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are generated at a large scale and have a diversified potential in the construction sector. The replacement of natural aggregates (NA) with CDW recycled aggregates (RA) in construction materials, such as mortars, has several environmental benefits, such as the reduction in the natural resources used in these products and simultaneous prevention of waste landfill. Complementarily, CDW have the potential to capture CO2 since some of their components may carbonate, which also contributes to a decrease in global warming potential. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of the exposure of CDW RA to CO2 produced in cement factories and its effect on mortars. Several mortars were developed with a volumetric ratio of 1:4 (cement: aggregate), with NA (reference mortar), CDW RA and CDW RA exposed to high levels of CO2 (CRA). The two types of waste aggregate were incorporated, replacing NA at 50% and 100% (in volume). The mortars with NA and non-carbonated RA and CRA from CDW were analysed, accounting for their performance in the fresh and hardened states in terms of workability, mechanical behaviour and water absorption by capillarity. It was concluded that mortars with CDW (both CRA and non-carbonated RA) generally present a good performance for non-structural purposes, although they suffer a moderate decrease in mechanical performance when NA is replaced with RA. Additionally, small improvements were found in the performance of the aggregates and mortars with CRA subjected to a CO2 curing for a short period (5 h), while a long carbonation period (5 d) led to a decrease in performance, contrary to the results obtained in the literature that indicate a significant increase in such characteristics. This difference could be because the literature focused on made-in-laboratory CDW aggregates, while, in this research, the wastes came from real demolition activities, and were thus older and more heterogeneous.

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PENYULUHAN DAN PERCONTOHAN PENGGUNAAN LIMBAH PLASTIK UNTUK MATERIAL BAHAN BANGUNAN DI LINGKUNGAN RPTRA, JAKARTA BARAT

Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Indonesia ◽

10.25105/jamin.v1i3.6047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Grace Kurniawati ◽

Lisa Oksri Nelfia ◽

Ade Okvianti Irlan ◽

Indrawati Sumeru

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Construction Material ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Road Construction ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Waste Processing ◽

Public Road ◽

House Construction ◽

The People ◽

Natural Aggregates

Construction is growing rapidly nowadays. Buildings, housing, industry/business centers and highways will require natural aggregates which are natural resources that cannot be renewed. Therefore, we need replacement materials able to replace these natural aggregate. The large amount of plastic waste in fields, based on existing data, causes environmental pollution through it can be reused and useful for building and road construction. Most of communities don’t even know the plastic waste processing technology that allow their use in the construction of house construction such as floors, walls, roofs, and hinges and also road construction with not heavy road loads. The purpose of this activity is to provide the knowledge to the people of RPTRA related to technology for the use of plastic waste for building materials and also road construction in the area in the RPTRA environment considering it is not a public road and hence, with not heavy vehicle. The method used is firstly observation and interview of several houses visited. Then activities about using different types of plastic waste as construction materials. Finally, evaluation of the progress of the project by conducting a survey to people who had met the criteria of being a member of the plastic waste program. The success of this program will be the people’s understanding and a significate growing of any highvalue plastic use as construction material. The benefit of this community service is to increase the knowledge and insight of the people of RPTRA, South Meruya, and West Jakarta City, related to environmentally friendly technologies such as plastic waste processing.

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Modeling of Building Materials as Complex Systems

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.412 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 730 ◽

pp. 412-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Irina Garkina ◽

Alexander Danilov ◽

Yuri Skachkov

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modeling ◽

Complex System ◽

Differential Equation ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Time Series ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Composites ◽

Damping Properties

We considered the problems of mathematical modeling of composite materials in the example of the development of materials for the protection against ionizing radiation. Construction materials are provided as a complex system with the appropriate attributes. The structure and physico-mechanical properties of the material were determined by the results of the modeling of kinetic processes. Process of forming properties is described by the differential equation in deviations from the equilibrium state (as for dispersion system). It is taken into account the elastic and damping properties of the material. To predict the behavior of the building material and the formation of his private mathematical models are used a representation of the processes as of time series. It is given the algorithm for studies (with considering prehistory) of formation of the basic physical and mechanical properties of epoxy composites for radiation protection. We present an example of the identification of building materials with special properties. Approaches used effectively in the development of materials with special properties.

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The Influence of the Environment on the Properties of Hybrid Cement-Based Concrete with Steel and Air-Cooled Slags

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11091087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1087

Author(s):

Pavel Martauz ◽

Vojtěch Václavík ◽

Branislav Cvopa

Keyword(s):

Steel Slag ◽

Blended Cement ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Outdoor Environment ◽

Aqueous Environment ◽

Test Results ◽

Mixture Designs ◽

Natural Aggregates ◽

By Products

This article presents the results of research that dealt with the development of non-traditional concrete using a hybrid alkali-activated cement. It is concrete based on by-products from a metallurgical plant that replaced 100% of the natural aggregates. Steel slag (CSS, fraction: 0/8 mm) was used as a filler in combination with air-cooled slag (ACBFS, fraction: 8/16 mm and 16/32 mm). Portland blended cement (CEM II/B-S 42.5N) and H-CEMENT were used as binding components in the development of the concrete mixture designs. Both of these cements were produced by Považská cementáreň, a.s., Ladce. Attention was focused on testing the physical and mechanical properties of the developed concretes in various environments. An aqueous environment was selected as the first environment for the placement of test specimens (cubes with 150 mm edges and prisms with dimensions of 100 × 100 × 400 mm3) according to the ČSN EN 206-1 standard and the outdoor environment (August to October). The determination of the cube strength was made after 7, 28, and 90 days, the determination of the flexural and compressive strength was made at the end of the prisms, and the determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity was made after 28 days on the prisms. The test results of the test specimens, which were placed in two environments, were compared and it was found that, after 90 days, the outdoor environment caused a decrease in the concrete’s strength characteristics when using Portland blended cement (CEM II/ B-S 42.5N) of about 8%; in contrast, when using H-CEMENT, the concrete’s strength increased by about 14%. The use of H-CEMENT and the addition of PUZZOLANIT in the amount of 30% in combination with CEM II/B-S 42.5N in the amount of 70% reduced the decrease in the strength of the concrete after 90 days by about 3%. The research results confirm the suitability of using H-CEMENT and the addition of PUZZOLANIT for the production of concrete based on steel slag (CSS) and air-cooled slag (ACBFS).

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Quantification of anthropogenic metabolism using spatially differentiated continuous MFA

Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems ◽

10.1515/cass-2017-0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Georg Schiller ◽

Karin Gruhler ◽

Regine Ortlepp

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Building Materials ◽

Fresh Concrete ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Recycled Aggregates ◽

Lower Grade ◽

High Quality ◽

Local Conditions

AbstractCoefficient-based, bottom-up material flow analysis is a suitable tool to quantify inflows, outflows and stock dynamics of materials used by societies, and thus can deliver strategic knowledge needed to develop circular economy policies. Anthropogenic stocks and flows are mostly of bulk nonmetallic mineral materials related to the construction, operation and demolition of buildings and infrastructures. Consequently, it is important to be able to quantify circulating construction materials to help estimate the mass of secondary materials which can be recovered such as recycled aggregates (RA) for fresh concrete in new buildings. Yet as such bulk materials are high volume but of low unit value, they are generally produced and consumed within a region. Loops are thus bounded not only by qualitative and technical restrictions but also spatially to within regions. This paper presents a regionalized continuous MFA (C-MFA) approach taking account of these restrictions of local consumption, quality standards and technical limitations, illustrated using the example of Germany. Outflows and inflows of stocks are quantified at county level and generalized by regional type, considering demand and supply for recycled materials. Qualitative and technical potentials of recycling loops are operationalized by defining coefficients to reflect waste management technologies and engineering standards. Results show that 48% of outflows of concrete and bricks are suitable for high-quality recycling, while 52% of outflows do not fulfill the quality requirement and must be recovered or disposed of elsewhere. The achievable inflow to RA is limited by the building activity as well as the requirements of the construction industry, e.g. the RA fraction of fresh concrete must not exceed 32%. In addition, there exist spatial disparities in construction across the country. In Germany, such disparities mean that there will be a shortfall in RA of 6.3 Gt by the year 2020, while the technically available but unusable RA (due to a regional mismatch of potential supply and demand) will total 3.2 Gt. Comprehensive recycling strategies have to combine high-quality recycling with other lower-grade applications for secondary raw materials. Particularly in the case of building materials, essential constraints are not only technical but also local conditions of construction and demolition. These interrelations should be identified and integrated into a comprehensive system to manage the social metabolism of materials in support of circular economy policies.

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Iron and Aluminium Production Wastes as Exclusive Components of Alkali Activated Binders—Towards a Sustainable Alternative

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13179938 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 9938

Author(s):

Nuno Cristelo ◽

Fernando Castro ◽

Tiago Miranda ◽

Zahra Abdollahnejad ◽

Ana Fernández-Jiménez

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Building Materials ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Sustainable Construction ◽

Alkaline Solutions ◽

By Products ◽

Alkali Activated

The sustainability of resources is becoming a worldwide concern, including construction and building materials, especially with the alarming increase rate in global population. Alternative solutions to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a concrete binder are being studied, namely the so-called alkali-activated cements (AAC). These are less harmful to the environment, as lower CO2 emissions are associated with their fabrication, and their mechanical properties can be similar to those of the OPC. The aim of developing alkali-activated materials (AAM) is the maximization of the incorporated recycled materials, which minimises the CO2 emissions and cost, while also achieving acceptable properties for construction applications. Therefore, various efforts are being made to produce sustainable construction materials based on different sources and raw materials. Recently, significant attention has been raised from the by-products of the steelmaking industry, mostly due to their widespread availability. In this paper, ladle slag (LS) resulting from steelmaking operations was studied as the main precursor to produce AAC, combined with phosphating bath sludge—or phosphate sludge (PS)—and aluminium anodising sludge (AS), two by-products of the surface treatment of metals, in replacement rates of 10 and 20 wt.%. The precursors were activated by two different alkaline solutions: a combination of commercial sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate (COM), and a disposed solution from the cleaning of aluminium extrusion steel dies (CLE). This study assesses the influence of these by-products from the steelmaking industry (PS, AS and CLE) on the performance of the alkali-activated LS, and specifically on its fresh and hardened state properties, including rheology, heat of hydration, compressive strength and microstructure and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red. The results showed that the CLE had no negative impact on the strength of the AAM incorporating PS or/and AS, while increasing the strength of the LS alone by 2×. Additionally, regardless of the precursor combination, the use of a commercial activator (COM) led to more fluid pastes, compared with the CLE.

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The Use of Reftinskaya State District Power Plant Fly Ash in the Production of Building Materials and Products

KnE Materials Science ◽

10.18502/kms.v6i1.8058 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fedor Kapustin ◽

Vladislav Ufimtsev ◽

Andrey Vishnevsky ◽

Irina Fomina ◽

Alexey Kapustin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Power Plant ◽

Building Materials ◽

Natural Radionuclides ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Slag Removal ◽

Ash Removal ◽

Composition Properties

The system of dry ash–slag removal at the Reftinskaya state district power plant which provides capture, storage and shipment of fly ash to the consumers is considered in this study. The results of determination of chemical and phase composition, physical properties, melting temperature and activity of natural radionuclides of ash which is form during burning of stone coal of Ekibastuz basin are presented. Ash is acidic, superfine and refractory one with a low content of combustible substance. As to composition and properties it satisfies the requirements of Russian Standard no. 25818 and ships to consumers under Technical Conditions 5717–004–79935691–2009. The results of laboratory tests and industrial production of building materials and products on the basis of ash of Reftinskaya state district power plant are presented. It is shown that ash is used in the production of Portland cement, heavy and cellular autoclave concrete, dry mixes and can also be used as part of fly ash non-fired and agloporite gravel, ceramic bricks. The features of their production, basic physical and mechanical properties of building materials and products are described. It is shown that the introduction of a new system of dry ash removal at the state district power plant contributes to the expansion of directions and increase in the volume of ash recycling. Keywords: Reftinskaya state district power plant, dry ash removal, fly ash, composition, properties, use, construction materials and products

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Reuse of improved recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for sustainable and environmental-friendly construction materials.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-48821/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Sarhan Alyaseen ◽

Siddharth Shah ◽

Ravindra Solanki ◽

Bhavik Daxini ◽

Yogesh K. Alwani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Acetic Acid Solution ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Road Construction ◽

Recycled Concrete ◽

Recycled Aggregates ◽

Recycled Concrete Aggregates ◽

Natural Aggregates

Abstract Recycled aggregates have an essential role in constructing construction activities today to save natural aggregates because of industrial development. The research aims to assess the suitability of recycled aggregates for the construction of new roads, which will help achieve road construction efficiency and help prevent environmental deterioration in the extraction and reducing pollution. In contrast with natural aggregates, recycled aggregates are of lower quality, mainly due to the cement mortar's brittle nature attached to them. The point of the study is to increase the performance of RCAs in an environmentally friendly managing RCAs. In this process, RCAs are first soaked in acetic acid solution, in which acetic acid reacts with cement attached to the surface of the RCA. This reaction weakens the attached mortar and allows separating from the RCAs by using mechanical friction later. Treated RCAs have lower water absorption and more insufficient cement mortar adhesion. These RCAs used as aggregates in new the concrete increased the compressive strength, the tensile strength, and the concrete's flexural strength by 26%, 11%, and 26% at 28 days, respectively. It is clean, safe, efficient, and a new method to be applied, so no harmful products are used, and no dangerous substances are incorporated into the RCAs that are being treated. The waste treatment solution was used as a supplementary admixture construction, increasing the concrete's strength, and decreasing its environmental effects.

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