Sex of the Face in Western Art: Left and Right in Portraits

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia W. Zaidel ◽  
Peter Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Western Art ◽  
Historical Pattern ◽  
The Face ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Side Bias

The relationship between observers' taste and the sitter's face orientation as function of sitter sex in painted portraits was investigated. The historical tendency in portraiture is that the sitter's left side of the face is more likely than the right to be turned towards the viewer and this side bias is stronger with women than with men. Correctly oriented and reversed museum portraits were viewed by subjects who gave ratings of “liking” the portrait as a whole (Experiment 1) and for “attractiveness” of the sitter (Experiment 2). Only portraits of women showed a left-right difference with right favored significantly over left, irrespective of orientation or type of rating. These findings go against the historical pattern of the sex-related bias in portraiture. They suggest that most women are painted in an orientation which is less favorable to them.

Postnatal Development of a Left-Right Atrial Pressure Gradient

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Harreveld ◽  
F. E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equal Thickness

The mean left and right atrial pressures were measured in six groups of 10 kittens each. One group was examined between the 12th and 24th hour after birth, one group after 3 days, after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 months. The left and right atrial pressures were almost equal in the first group. With age an increasing left to right pressure gradient developed. In the oldest group the pressure in the left atrium was almost twice as great as in the right. Parallel with the pressure gradient a difference developed in the wall thicknesses of the left and right ventricles. At birth the ventricular walls were of about equal thickness; at age 2 months the left ventricle wall was more than twice as thick as the right. The relationship between ventricle wall thicknesses and atrial pressures is discussed.

scholarly journals Silence Matters: A survey of the right to silence in the summary jurisdiction of New South Wales

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Eugene Schofield-Georgeson
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Right To Silence ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
Criminal Matters ◽  
The Relationship

There is a scant existing literature on the relationship between the right to silence and its effect on convictions in Australia and comparable jurisdictions. Existing research has downplayed its significance in the face of various ‘law and order’ interventions seeking to limit its operation. This study is one of the largest of its kind, surveying over 1,000 charges to empirically assess the frequency of use and the effects of silence rights (the right to silence, privilege against self-incrimination and burden of proof) on conviction, in relation to a particular set of charges laid against a specific group of marginalised defendants in the Local Court summary jurisdiction of NSW. Adding to the existing literature, this study shows empirically how silence rights operate within an Australian summary jurisdiction for a specific group of criminal defendants who are significantly socially marginalised. In the process, it demonstrates that the use of silence rights is significant for this group, mostly in non-regulatory criminal matters. In this respect, silence rights can be understood to correlate with rates of conviction, mitigation of criminal sentencing and the practice of charge-bargaining.

scholarly journals Multi-Hops Functional Connectivity Improves Individual Prediction of Fusiform Face Activation via a Graph Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongya Wu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Jun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Face Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Brain connectivity plays an important role in determining the brain region’s function. Previous researchers proposed that the brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s input and output connectivity profiles. Following this proposal, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between connectivity and function. However, this proposal only utilizes direct connectivity profiles and thus is deficient in explaining individual differences in the brain region’s function. To overcome this problem, we proposed that a brain region’s function is characterized by that region’s multi-hops connectivity profile. To test this proposal, we used multi-hops functional connectivity to predict the individual face activation of the right fusiform face area (rFFA) via a multi-layer graph neural network and showed that the prediction performance is essentially improved. Results also indicated that the two-layer graph neural network is the best in characterizing rFFA’s face activation and revealed a hierarchical network for the face processing of rFFA.

Hippocampal Subfield Volumes and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kasumi Yasuda ◽  
Shinichi Yamada ◽  
Shinya Uenishi ◽  
Natsuko Ikeda ◽  
Atsushi Tamaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Transition Area ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The hippocampus is relevant to cognitive function in schizophrenia (SCZ) and mood disorder patients. Although not anatomically uniform, it is clearly divided into subfields. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between hippocampal subfield volume and cognitive function in patients with SCZ, bipolar disorder (BP), and major depressive disorder (MDD). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study included 21 patients with SCZ, 22 with BP, and 21 with MDD and 25 healthy controls (HCs). Neurocognitive function was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. We obtained hippocampal subfield volumes using FreeSurfer 6.0. We compared the volumes of the hippocampal subfield between the 4 groups and ascertained correlation between the cognitive composite score and hippocampal subfield volume in each group. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The SCZ group had significantly lower cognitive composite score than the BP, MDD, and HC groups. In the SCZ group, the left and right hippocampus-amygdala transition area and right subiculum and right presubiculum volumes were significantly reduced compared to those in the HC group. The left presubiculum volumes in the SCZ group were significantly reduced compared to those in the MDD group. Subfield volumes did not significantly differ between the BP, MDD, and HC groups. Interestingly, in the SCZ group, volumes of the right CA1, right molecular layer of the hippocampus, and right granule cell and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus were significantly correlated with the cognitive composite score. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Patients with SCZ had poorer cognitive function, which is related to their hippocampal pathology, than those with mood disorders.

Concept and Verbal Ability as Related to the Cerebral Hemispheres

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Cooperative Interaction ◽  
Goal State ◽  
Error Detector ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Functions

A new theory of human brain function is outlined in terms of the cooperative interaction of the cerebral hemispheres. The well-established verbal, symbolic functions of the left hemisphere and the wholistic, spatial functions of the right hemisphere are seen as separate and independent manifestations of the normally integrated verbal-analytic (or “error detector”) and conceptual (or “goal state”) functions of the left and right, respectively. The relationship between the hemispheres is described in terms of the “goal-directed” system of cybernetics and then compared with related ideas previously presented by Dimond, Penfield, and Piaget.

Selective Attention to Faces in a Rapid Visual Stream: Hemispheric Differences in Enhancement and Suppression of Category-selective Neural Activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Quek ◽  
Dan Nemrodov ◽  
Bruno Rossion ◽  
Joan Liu-Shuang
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Face Categorization ◽  
The Face ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selective Activity

In daily life, efficient perceptual categorization of faces occurs in dynamic and highly complex visual environments. Yet the role of selective attention in guiding face categorization has predominantly been studied under sparse and static viewing conditions, with little focus on disentangling the impact of attentional enhancement and suppression. Here we show that attentional enhancement and suppression exert a differential impact on face categorization supported by the left and right hemispheres. We recorded 128-channel EEG while participants viewed a 6-Hz stream of object images (buildings, animals, objects, etc.) with a face image embedded as every fifth image (i.e., OOOOFOOOOFOOOOF…). We isolated face-selective activity by measuring the response at the face presentation frequency (i.e., 6 Hz/5 = 1.2 Hz) under three conditions: Attend Faces, in which participants monitored the sequence for instances of female faces; Attend Objects, in which they responded to instances of guitars; and Baseline, in which they performed an orthogonal task on the central fixation cross. During the orthogonal task, face-specific activity was predominantly centered over the right occipitotemporal region. Actively attending to faces enhanced face-selective activity much more evidently in the left hemisphere than in the right, whereas attending to objects suppressed the face-selective response in both hemispheres to a comparable extent. In addition, the time courses of attentional enhancement and suppression did not overlap. These results suggest the left and right hemispheres support face-selective processing in distinct ways—where the right hemisphere is mandatorily engaged by faces and the left hemisphere is more flexibly recruited to serve current tasks demands.

The azygos veins of the Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli (Lesson)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1583-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Watson ◽  
David A. Dowd
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Weddell Seal ◽  
Venous System ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The azygos venous system of one Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) has been described. Both left and right azygos trunks were present with segmental anastomoses between them. The right azygos trunk was the larger and opened into the anterior vena cava; the left azygos trunk terminated in the left costocervical vein. At each segmental level the azygos trunks communicated with collecting sinuses into which drained blood from intercostal spaces and the extradural intravertebral vein. These collecting sinuses were themselves connected to each other by longitudinal anastomoses. The relationship of this system to blood flow during diving is briefly discussed.

Left and Right in Leonardo's Drawings of Faces

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Benjafield ◽  
Sidney J. Segalowitz
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Previous research has disclosed a relationship between the side of the face depicted by a painter and the nature of the person portrayed. For example, the left side of the face is more likely to be drawn if the sitter is female, while the right side is more likely to be drawn if the sitter is male. In an experiment that controlled for the side of the face being shown and its direction relative to the sitter, subjects were asked to rate eight of Leonardo da Vinci's drawings of faces on a representative sample of Semantic Differential dimensions. Drawings depicting the right side of the face were judged more Potent and Active than drawings depicting the left side of the face, independently of the direction of gaze relative to the subject. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that when Leonardo, and perhaps other artists as well, wanted to depict a strong, active profile, they tended to draw the right side of the face.

scholarly journals Sequential priming in the detection of the facial expression: New approach in the study of emotional detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-196
Author(s):  
Fernando Gordillo León ◽  
Miguel Ángel Pérez Nieto ◽  
Lilia Mestas Hernández ◽  
José M. Arana Martínez ◽  
Gabriela Castillo Parra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Order ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Detection Speed ◽  
Sequential Priming

AbstractThe effective detection of those facial expressions that alert us to a possible threat is adaptive. Hence the reason that studies on face sampling have involved analysing how this process occurs, with evidence to show that the eyes focus mainly on the upper side of the face; nevertheless, no clear determination has been made of the relationship between the efficacy in detection (speed and accuracy) and the way in which emotions are visually tracked on the face. A sequential priming task was therefore held in which the four quadrants of the face were displayed consecutively, for 50 ms each one, and in a different order (24 sequences). The results reveal a quicker response when the priming sequence begins in the upper part, continues downward to the right-hand side of the face, and then follows an anti-clockwise direction. The results are discussed in the light of studies using the Eye-Tracking technique.

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