A Comparison of Three Alcohol Instruction Programs on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Drinking Behaviors of College Students

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Robinson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
College Level ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
Knowledge Levels ◽  
Alcohol Attitudes ◽  
All Treatment

In this study, the effects of three educational methodologies (implicit instruction, explicit instruction, and values clarification instruction) were investigated. Each treatment was administered over four 50-minute class sessions to students attending general college-level health classes. Pretest, posttest, and followup data were collected via a self-reported questionnaire designed to assess the subjects' knowledge levels regarding beverage alcohol, attitudes toward alcohol, drinking behaviors, and intended drinking behaviors. Analysis of the data revealed that all treatment groups reported significantly higher knowledge scores than did the control group, but only the explicit instruction treatment was able to produce any changes in attitudes or behavior. The only significant change reported for drinking intentions was a deterioration in reported intentions within the control group.

357 CALCIUM RELEASE INDUCED BY THIMEROSAL AND INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRIPHOSPHATE IN HEAT-SHOCKED PORCINE OOCYTES

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
J.-K. Tseng ◽  
P.-C. Tang ◽  
J.-C. Ju
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acetoxymethyl Ester ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
All Treatment

Elevated ambient temperature has been known to be deleterious to the developmental competence of mammalian oocytes and embryos, although the mechanism is still unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat shock (HS) on the alteration of intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) of matured pig oocytes by two different calcium releasing agents. Porcine cumulus–oocyte complexes were aspirated from the follicles (3–6 mm) and subjected to standard in vitro maturation procedure for 42 h. Matured oocytes were then randomly allocated to different heat treatments at 41.5°C for 0 (Control, C0h), 1 (HS1h), 2 (HS2h), or 4 h (HS4h). An additional control group was cultured for 4 h without heat shock (C4h). Oocytes were incubated with 2 µM fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (AM) and 0.02% pluronic F-127 in Ca2+-free PBS (40 min) following heat shock, and then washed with Ca2+-free PBS (30 min) for detection of [Ca2+]i. Fluorescent images were captured with alternative excitation wavelengths at 340/380 nm by a rotating chopper disk equipped with an Axon imaging system. Data from both experiments were analyzed by ANOVA using the General Linear Model (GLM) of the SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). In Experiment 1, matured oocytes were activated by 200 mM thimerosal (10 min) following heat treatment. The maximal [Ca2+]i in the HS2h group was the highest among all treatment groups. The lowest maximal peak of [Ca2+]i was observed in the HS4h group, but it was still higher than that in the C4h group (P < 0.05). The total amount of Ca2+ release represented by the total area of the peaks in C4h was lower than in any other groups except HS4h (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, each matured oocyte was injected with approximately 10 pL of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3, 0.5 mM); the Ca2+ transient was recorded as described in the previous experiment. The maximal value of [Ca2+]i in the C4h group was still the lowest among the heat-shocked and C0h groups (P < 0.05). The total Ca2+ release in the HS2h group was the highest among all treatment groups, but only significantly higher than the HS1h and C4h groups (P < 0.05). A similar pattern of Ca2+ release in HS-oocytes was induced by thimerosal and IP3 stimulations. These results indicate that Ca2+ releasing capacity of matured pig oocytes is enhanced by a shorter duration of heat shock, but declines after prolonged exposure of heat shock and/or in vitro culture. The differential Ca2+ releasing capacity of heat-shocked oocytes prior to fertilization revealed physiological changes of pig oocytes after heat shock. This finding provides further insight for the low fertilization and developmental competence that occurs in farm species during hot seasons.

scholarly journals Treatment with Linezolid or Vancomycin in Combination with Rifampin Is Effective in an Animal Model of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusForeign Body Osteomyelitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1182-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paschalis Vergidis ◽  
Mark S. Rouse ◽  
Gorane Euba ◽  
Melissa J. Karau ◽  
Suzannah M. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Foreign Body ◽  
Proximal Tibia ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Titanium Wire ◽  
Experimental Rat Model ◽  
Rifampin Resistance ◽  
All Treatment

ABSTRACTRifampin monotherapy was compared to the combination of linezolid or vancomycin with rifampin in an experimental rat model of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) chronic foreign body osteomyelitis. MRSA was inoculated into the proximal tibia, and a titanium wire was implanted. Four weeks after infection, rats were treated intraperitoneally for 21 days with rifampin alone (n= 16), linezolid plus rifampin (n= 14), or vancomycin plus rifampin (n= 13). Thirteen animals received no treatment. At completion of treatment, qualitative cultures of the wire and quantitative cultures of the bone (reported as median values) were performed. Quantitative cultures from the control, rifampin monotherapy, linezolid-plus-rifampin, and vancomycin-plus-rifampin groups revealed 4.54, 0.71, 0.10, and 0.50 log10CFU/gram of bone, respectively. The bacterial load was significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to that in the control group. Rifampin resistance was detected in isolates from 10, 2, and 1 animal in the rifampin, linezolid-plus-rifampin, and vancomycin-plus-rifampin groups, respectively. Cultures of the removed wire revealed bacterial growth in 1 and 2 animals in the rifampin and linezolid-plus-rifampin groups, respectively, with no growth in the vancomycin-plus-rifampin group and growth from all wires in the untreated group. In conclusion, we demonstrated that combination treatment with linezolid plus rifampin or vancomycin plus rifampin is effective in an animal model of MRSA foreign body osteomyelitis in the context of retention of the infected foreign body.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS PENAMBAHAN VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) PADA PAKAN KOMERSIAL UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT KOI HERPESVIRUS (KHV) PADA IKAN MAS, Cyprinus carpio

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Taukhid Taukhid ◽  
Angela Mariana Lusiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Koi Herpesvirus ◽  
B Vitamin ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
All Treatment

Riset dengan tujuan untuk mengevaluasi teknik pengendalian penyakit KHV pada ikan mas melalui penggunaan imunostimulan yaitu penambahan vitamin C pada pakan komersial dengan dosis yang berbeda telah dilakukan pada skala laboratorium. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah penambahan vitamin C jenis CFC-90 (microencapsulated vitamin C) pada pakan komersial dengan berbagai dosis yaitu: (A) tanpa vitamin C, sebagai kontrol, (B) vitamin C sebanyak 250 mg/kg pakan, (C) vitamin C sebanyak 500 mg/kg pakan, (D) vitamin C sebanyak 750 mg/kg pakan, dan (E) vitamin C sebanyak 1.000 mg/kg pakan. Masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak 3 (tiga) kali. Pada hari ke-15, seluruh kelompok perlakuan diinfeksi KHV secara buatan dengan teknik kohabitasi. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap tingkah laku, gejala klinis, dan mortalitas ikan uji yang dilakukan setiap hari hingga akhir percobaan. Rataan persen sintasan ikan uji tertinggi pada akhir riset diperoleh pada penambahan vitamin C sebanyak 750 mg/kg pakan yaitu sebesar 82,22%; diikuti dengan penambahan vitamin C 250 mg/kg pakan sebesar 70,00%; vitamin C 1.000 mg/kg pakan sebesar 61,11%; vitamin C 500 mg/kg pakan sebesar 58,89%; sedangkan rataan sintasan terendah diperoleh pada kelompok kontrol yaitu sebesar 27,78%.Research with the aim to evaluate the technique of KHV disease control carp through the use of immunostimulatory namely the addition of vitamin C in commercial diet with different doses have been performed in a laboratorial scale. The treatment applied was the addition of vitamin C of CFC-90 (microencapsulated vitamin C) in the commercial diet with different doses, namely: (A) without vitamin C, as control, (B) Vitamin C 250 mg/kg feed, (C) vitamin C of 500 mg/kg feed, (D) Vitamin C 750 mg/kg feed, and (E) of vitamin C as much as 1,000 mg/kg feed. Each treatment was repeated three times. On day 15th, all treatment groups were artificially infected with KHV using cohabitation techniques. Observations conducted to monitor behavior, clinical symptoms and mortality of fish tests were done every day until the end of the experiment. The highest mean percent of survival rate was recorded in treatment D by adding vitamin C as much as 750 mg/kg of feed that was equal to 82.22%, followed by the addition of vitamin C 250 mg/kg diets at 70.00% (treatment B), Vitamin C 1,000 mg/kg feed amounted to 61.11% (treatment E), vitamin C 500 mg/kg diets at 58.89% (treatment C), while the lowest average of survival rate was obtained in the control group that was equal to 27.78%.

scholarly journals Salep Kullanımının Fermente Türk Sucuğu Kalite Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
İsmail Gök ◽  
Birol Kılıç ◽  
Cem Okan Özer
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Tbars Values ◽  
And Storage ◽  
All Treatment

The aim of this study, the effect of addition to salep at different concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%) into sucuk on physicochemical, textural and sensorial properties were investigated at d fermentation and storage periods (5., 10., 20. ve 30. days). The results indicated that TBARS values gradually increased during fermentation and storage periods in all treatment groups. However, addition of 10% salep decreased TBARS values compared to control group at the end of fermentation and storage period. pH values of sucuks were decreased with addition of salep. Higher L* values were observed in sucuk with 10% salep at the end of the fermentation and storage period. Increasing levels of salep in sucuk formulation caused an increase in hardness and ash values, a decrease in moisture values in sucuk. The results of this study indicated that salep may be used in sucuk manufacture by the meat industry to improve shelf-life and quality parameters of the product.

scholarly journals Gastric Histopathology of White Rats After Administration of Kedondong Leaves Extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
I Wayan Sudira ◽  
I Made Merdana ◽  
Ketut Budiasa
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
All Treatment

This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis G. Forst) on the gastropathological histology of white rats (Mus musculus). A total of 25 healthy male white rats with weights 200-250 g were randomly divided into five groups. A control group was only given a placebo. The treatment group of kedondong leaf ethanol extract sequentially with a dose of 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg/day for 21 days orally. On the 22nd day all of the animals were sacrificed for its the gastric, followed by processing for histopathological preparations with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The results of the study in all treatment groups were found gastric histology changes in the form of mild inflammatory cell infiltration, mild fatty degeneration and mild necrosis. The number of mice that experienced histopathological changes differed in each group. It can be concluded that the oral administration of kedondong leaf ethanol extract with a range at a dose of 125-1000 mg/kg/d for 21 days does not cause significant histopathological structure disturbance in the stomach of male white rats.

Effects on puberty attainment in gilts of continuous or limited exposure to boars

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH Hemsworth ◽  
C Hansen ◽  
CG Winfield ◽  
JL Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Age At Puberty ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
All Treatment

To identify alternative practical procedures for stimulating early puberty in gilts, 64 crossbred gilts were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments as follows: (1) 5-min daily boar exposure, (2) 15-min daily introduction to an area adjacent to 5 boars in their pens, (3) continuously housed with a mature vasectomised boar, or (4) control, no boar exposure. Experimental treatments commenced when the gilts averaged 176 days of age, and continued until oestrus was detected or the gilts reached an average age of 212 days. All treatment groups were significantly different from the control group for the following parameters; the percentage of giltsdetectedin oestrus (93.3, 68.8, 81.3 and 31.3%, respectively), the estimated age at puberty or first ovulation (189.0, 194.9, 188.0 and 203.4 days, respectively), and the percentage of gilts estimated to have attained puberty (100, 81.3, 100 and 43.8%, respectively). We conclude that daily introduction to a corridor adjacent to mature boars and continuous housing with a mature vasectomised boar are as effective in stimulating early puberty in gilts as is daily introduction to a mature boar, and may be more practical in several commercial situations.

Performance and blood chemistry in lambs following fasting and transport

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton ◽  
J. A. Baldwin ◽  
S. M. Emanuele ◽  
J. E. Wohlt ◽  
L. R. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Control Food ◽  
All Treatment

AbstractThirty-six 5-month-old Dorset ram lambs (28·7 kg) were used to investigate the effects of fasting and transport on performance and selected blood parameters. Three treatment groups (no. = 12) were: (1) control-food and water, without transport; (2) fasting for 72 h, without transport; and (3) transport in a trailer to a nearby auction-barn, then driven 8 h/day for 3 days without food or water for a total of 72 h. Lambs were given a total mixed diet containing 163 g/kg crude protein throughout the 28-day post-transport period. Both fasted and transported lambs consumed less food than the control group during the first 7 days post treatment (P < 0·05). Water intake was similar for all treatment groups on the 1st day post transport, after which both fasted and transport lambs drank less ivater than control lambs during the following 6 days (P < 0·05). Live-weight loss after the 3-day fast and transport period and subsequent body-weight gain during the 28-day realimentation period differed across all treatment groups (P < 0·05 and P < 0·09; (1) 1% and 305 g, (2) 14·8% and 343 g, and (3) 20·0% and 390 g, respectively, though control lambs had the highest weight gains over the 32-day experimental period. Plasma urea nitrogen was lower in both fasted and transported lambs on days 6, 7 and 11 compared with control lambs (P < 0·05). Plasma glucose concentrations on days 4 and 5 were lower in transported lambs than in fasted lambs, and highest in control lambs (P < 0·05); glucose concentration levels remained lower in both fasted and transported lambs than in control lambs on days 6 and 7 (P < 0·05). Plasma cortisol concentrations were highest in transported lambs during the 3-day transport period and for 2 days immediately following transport (P < 0·05). Effects of the 72 h fast were exacerbated by auction barn activity and subsequent transport, and compensatory gains by fasted and transport lambs were incomplete within the 28-day post transport period.

scholarly journals Histological Features of Catecholaminergic Neuron in Substantia Nigra Induced by Paraquat Dichloride (1,1-dimethyl-4,4 bipyridinium) in Wistar Rat as A Model of Parkinson Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Wahyu Pangestiningsih ◽  
Woro Danur Wendo ◽  
Yulfia Nelymalik Selan ◽  
Filphin Adolfin Amalo ◽  
Nemay Anggadewi Ndaong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
The Body ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Catecholaminergic Neurons ◽  
Group I ◽  
All Treatment

Paraquat dichloride has been used by farmers as a herbicide to kill the grass. On the other hand, paraquatdichloride is harmful if enters to the body, causing Parkinson’s disease, since it is disrupting dopamineproduction in the substantia nigra pars compacta or dopamine pathways Nigro striatal pathway. The studywas done to fi nd out the histological changes of catecholaminergic neurons and Nigro striatal pathway causedby paraquat dichloride treatment in Wistar rats as a model of Parkinson’s disease.Twenty-two Wistar rats 3,5 months old were divided into 4 groups, 5 rats each. Group I (control group)were injected with aquabidest, while groups II, III, and IV were injected intraperitoneally with paraquatdichloride in aquabidest, with the dosage 5 , 10 and 15 mg/kg bw respectively. The rats were injected onceper week for 6 weeks. Three days after the last injection, the rats were anesthetized using xylasin (2 mg/kg)and ketamine (20 mg/kg) intramuscularly, and then were intracardiac perfused using physiological saline asprerinse solution, followed by 10% buffered formalin solution as a fi xative. After animals were fi xed, the brainswere removed and embedded in paraffi n block and cut in 12 μm thickness for immunohistochemistry stainingusing tyrosine hydroxylase antibody. The results of staining then were observed under light microscope andanalyzed descriptively.The results showed that the catecholaminergic neurons were distributed in the substantia nigrapars compacta in all treatment groups, however, the cell density were found decreased only in group IV.Catecholaminergic neurons appear in the bipolar and multipolar form, while dopamine ‘Nigro striatal pathway’was found exist in all treatment groups. From our study, histologycally the decreased of catecholaminergicneurons is only found in rats that received paraquat dichloride in dose 15 mg/kg bw for 6 weeks.

scholarly journals Sub-Chronic Cadmium Exposure in Drinking Water Dysregulates Lipid and Glucose Metabolisms in Apoe (-/-) Mice: Molecular Insights Into the Etiology of Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edozie Samuel OKPARA ◽  
Wan Yu ◽  
Haibin Huang ◽  
Song Jia ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Cadmium Exposure ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blank Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
All Treatment

Abstract Background: Exogenous exposure to cadmium is associated with cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, but experimental evidence elucidating the molecular events involved is still unclear, hence this study. We investigated whether sub-chronic cadmium exposure alone could cause a disruption in lipid and glucose metabolisms and whether the combined effect of these dysregulations could progressively lead to atherosclerosis in ApoE (-/-) mice. Methods: Experiments were performed in male ApoE (-/-) mice (8 weeks 25 ± 3g; n=60), which were randomly placed into four (4) groups according to body weight and administered cadmium (CdCl2) 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively in drinking water consecutively for 4 months. After treatment, changes in body weight were evaluated and mice plasma was analyzed for LDL, HDL, TCHO, TG, insulin and glucose levels. The collected samples were sent for histological examination in the 4th month and two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results Levels of plasma LDL increased in all treatment groups but was statistically significant in the 4th month across all treatment groups when compared both with the blank control group and the first month mice. Plasma HDL levels were lowered in all treatment groups in the 2nd and 4th months when compared with the 1st month mice. Statistically significant decreases in plasma HDL levels were also observed in the 2nd month in the group receiving CdCl2 (100mg/L and 200mg/L) when compared with the blank control. TCHO and TG levels increased but was statistically significant in the former in the 1st, 2nd and 4th month at CdCl2 (100mg/L and 200mg/L) and in the latter at the same dose only in the 4th month. Moreover, fasting plasma glucose and insulin were elevated and lowered, respectively. Histological examination of aortal root also showed a dose-dependent increase in plaque formation, being most visible in the treatment group receiving CdCl2 (200mg/L). Conclusion: In line with our hypothesis, sub-chronic oral exposure of ApoE (-/-) mice to cadmium dysregulated their glucose and lipid profiles and the combined effect of this may be a contributory molecular event in the development of atherosclerosis. Keywords: Cadmium. Atherosclerosis. Glucose dysfunction. ApoE (-/-) mice. Lipid dysfunction. Atherosclerotic plaques

Implicit and explicit instruction

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim A.H. Cordewener ◽  
Anna M.T. Bosman ◽  
Ludo Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
Group Condition ◽  
Explicit Condition ◽  
Phonological Rule ◽  
Morphological Rule ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit Condition

This study examined the influence of implicit and explicit instruction for the acquisition of two types of Dutch spelling rules: a morphological and a phonological rule. A sample of 193 first grade, low- and high skilled spellers was assigned to an implicit-instruction, explicit-instruction, or control-group condition. The results showed that for both rules, students in the explicit condition made more progress than students in the control condition. For the morphological rule, students in the explicit condition had higher posttest scores on pseudo-words than students in the implicit condition. The effects of the three conditions were the same for low- and high-skilled spellers. Both low- and high-skilled spellers in the implicit and explicit condition did not fully generalize their knowledge of both rules to new and pseudo-words.

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