Implicit and explicit instruction

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim A.H. Cordewener ◽  
Anna M.T. Bosman ◽  
Ludo Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
Group Condition ◽  
Explicit Condition ◽  
Phonological Rule ◽  
Morphological Rule ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit Condition

This study examined the influence of implicit and explicit instruction for the acquisition of two types of Dutch spelling rules: a morphological and a phonological rule. A sample of 193 first grade, low- and high skilled spellers was assigned to an implicit-instruction, explicit-instruction, or control-group condition. The results showed that for both rules, students in the explicit condition made more progress than students in the control condition. For the morphological rule, students in the explicit condition had higher posttest scores on pseudo-words than students in the implicit condition. The effects of the three conditions were the same for low- and high-skilled spellers. Both low- and high-skilled spellers in the implicit and explicit condition did not fully generalize their knowledge of both rules to new and pseudo-words.

scholarly journals Explicit and implicit instruction of refusal strategies: Does working memory capacity play a role?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-188
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Ahmadian
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Control ◽  
Refusal Strategies

This study investigated the differential effects of implicit and explicit instruction of refusal strategies in English and whether and how the impacts of instruction methods interact with learners’ working memory capacity (WMC). 78 learners of English were assigned to three groups (explicit, implicit, and control). Implicit instruction was operationalized through input enhancement and provision of recast. In the explicit instruction group, participants received description and exemplification of refusal strategies and were provided with explicit corrective feedback. Prior to the treatment, all participants took WMC test, Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and completed a pragmatics comprehension questionnaire (CQ). Results revealed that explicit instruction was more effective than implicit instruction for both production and comprehension of refusals and that both implicit and explicit groups maintained the improvement in the delayed post-test administered two months later. In addition, whilst WMC scores were positively and strongly correlated with gains in the immediate and delayed post-test for both DCT and CQ in the implicit group, no meaningful relationship was found for explicit and control groups. The unique feature of this research is demonstrating that explicit instruction of refusal strategies equalizes learning opportunities for all learners with differential levels of WMC.

A Comparison of Three Alcohol Instruction Programs on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Drinking Behaviors of College Students

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Robinson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
College Level ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
Knowledge Levels ◽  
Alcohol Attitudes ◽  
All Treatment

In this study, the effects of three educational methodologies (implicit instruction, explicit instruction, and values clarification instruction) were investigated. Each treatment was administered over four 50-minute class sessions to students attending general college-level health classes. Pretest, posttest, and followup data were collected via a self-reported questionnaire designed to assess the subjects' knowledge levels regarding beverage alcohol, attitudes toward alcohol, drinking behaviors, and intended drinking behaviors. Analysis of the data revealed that all treatment groups reported significantly higher knowledge scores than did the control group, but only the explicit instruction treatment was able to produce any changes in attitudes or behavior. The only significant change reported for drinking intentions was a deterioration in reported intentions within the control group.

The impact of implicit vs explicit grammar teaching through scaffolding on Iranian learners’ speaking achievement; focusing on fluency, accuracy, and complexity

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 800-813
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Moeen ◽  
Daryoush Nejadansari ◽  
Azizolla Dabaghi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Grammar Teaching ◽  
Explicit Teaching ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Teaching Grammar ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of teaching grammar through implicit and explicit approach by applying scaffolding technique on learners’ speaking abilities including: accuracy, fluency and complexity. Design/methodology/approach To this end, 90 BA students of architecture in Yazd Azad University were selected and homogenized through Oxford Placement Test. They were assigned to three groups each including 30 participants, and took an IELTS speaking as pre-test to ensure that they had the same speaking ability prior to the begging of the experiment. In the course of the study, the first experimental group (EG1) received implicit instruction through scaffolding, and the second experimental group (EG2) was taught through explicit instruction. In contrast, control group did not receive any kind of grammar teaching. After the completion of the treatment, all groups took speaking post-test. Findings The results of the study showed that while both explicit and implicit teaching of grammar through scaffolding had a significant impact on learners’ speaking fluency, implicit teaching in comparison with explicit teaching was more significantly effective on learners’ speaking fluency. Similarly, both implicit and explicit teaching of grammar through scaffolding had significant impact on learners’ speaking accuracy and complexity, but explicit teaching compared to implicit teaching was more significantly effective. Practical implications The results of the study are mainly beneficial to teachers in the way that they can teach grammar in a more efficient way, and consequently improve learners’ speaking. In addition, curriculum developers and second language learners will benefit from the results of this research. Originality/value There has always been a controversy over an effective way to teach speaking skill in EFL classes over the last decades. In this regard, one of the most controversial approaches to teaching speaking arose from the dichotomy of teaching grammar through implicit or explicit teaching of rules. This paper has originality in that it delves into this controversial issue at length and in details.

scholarly journals Categories of coherence relations in discourse annotation

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merel C.J. Scholman ◽  
Jacqueline Evers-Vermeul ◽  
Ted J.M. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Basic Operation ◽  
Annotation Scheme ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
Discourse Coherence ◽  
Annotation Process ◽  
Coherence Relations ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Current Annotation

Over the last decennia, annotating discourse coherence relations has gained increasing interest of the linguistics research community. Because of the complexity of coherence relations, there is no agreement on an annotation standard. Current annotation methods often lack a systematic order of coherence relations. In this article, we investigate the usability of the cognitive approach to coherence relations, developed by Sanders et al. (1992, 1993), for discourse annotation. The theory proposes a taxonomy of coherence relations in terms of four cognitive primitives. In this paper, we first develop a systematic, step-wise annotation process. The reliability of this annotation scheme is then tested in an annotation experiment with non-trained, non-expert annotators. An implicit and explicit version of the annotation instruction was created to determine whether the type of instruction influences the annotator agreement. The results show that two of the four primitives, polarity and order of the segments, can be applied reliably by non-trained annotators. The other two primitives, basic operation and source of coherence, are more problematic. Participants using the explicit instruction show higher agreement on the primitives than participants used the implicit instruction. These results are comparable to agreement statistics of other discourse corpora annotated by trained, expert annotators. Given that non-trained, non-expert annotators show similar amounts of agreement, these results indicate that the cognitive approach to coherence relations is a promising method for annotating discourse.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Practices of Back Care, Experience in Colombian Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110234
Author(s):  
Sonia Carolina Mantilla Toloza ◽  
Carlos Alberto Jaimes Guerrero ◽  
Piedad Rocio Lerma Castaño
Keyword(s):  
Education Program ◽  
School Context ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
First Grade ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Grade School ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Back Care

Early back care has become the preventive strategy to mitigate bad postural habits and musculoskeletal alterations that trigger inadequate postural patterns in the body schema. The objective was to determine the knowledge and practice of back care in first-grade school children after applying an educational intervention for back care. Quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-tests in a sample of 71 first grade school students. Knowledge and practices for back care were evaluated before and after of the intervention. During 5 weeks, a program of education for back care was developed in the intervention group, formed by concepts about anatomy, physiology, alterations of the spine, adoption of appropriate postures and movements in school life and the execution of adequate movements learned. Simultaneously, physical exercises based on aerobic work, strengthening and stretching the back muscles were carried out with the children in the control group. A linear regression model and a two-level hierarchical model were applied to estimate the effect of the intervention. After the execution of the back care education program, a better score was found in the knowledge and practice questionnaire, which was different between the intervention group and the control group (1.72 95% CI 1.21-2.24). The development of an education program generated a change in the score of the questionnaire on knowledge of back care in the intervnetion group, which suggests the implementation of these strategies in the school context during early childhood, contributing to the prevention of back disorders and deficiencies

CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF FITNESS AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN FROM FIRST-GRADE SWIMMING CLASSES COMPARED TO PEERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (79) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Hanna Żukowska ◽  
Mirosława Szark-Eckardt
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Training Group ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Hand Strength ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strength Measurement ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

Introduction. In the changes occurring in competitive sport, proper choice and selection for sport and the age of starting the training are of great importance. Aim. Determining the magnitude of changes in physical fitness and physical development of first-grade children practicing swimming in relation to the non-training peers. Material and methods. The study included two groups of children - the first one was a children practicing swimming (26 boys and 23 girls) and the second one was a non-training class (26 boys and 23 girls). In both groups, MTSF trials were conducted in September and June. The results of the study focused on three aspects: the evaluation of sexual dimorphism, the identification of differences and their direction between groups and sex. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in physical development among children who practiced swimming. There were statistically significant differences in body heights in the non-training group - only in the first study (boys – 120.30; girls – 117.86) also in body weight in the first study (boys – 24.57; girls – 21.22) and also in the second study (boys – 26,80; girls – 22,83). In the assessment of physical fitness, in the group of children training swimming, sexual dimorphism was found in: standing long jump (only in the first study boys – 151,65, girls – 134,96); hand strength measurement (only in the first study boys – 23.5; girls – 19,36); bent arm hang, both in the first study (boys – 13,40; girls – 7,70) and also in the second study (ch-14,46; dz-6,31); forward stretches (only in the first study boys – 5; girls – 1.34); 4x10m run both in the first study (boys – 14,54; girls – 15,23) and also in the second study (boys – 13,66; girls – 15,11). Whereas, in the control group in: standing long jump (also only in the first study boys – 107.78; hand strength measurement in both the first study (boys – 18,95; girls – 12,26) as in the second study (boys – 12,09; girls – 12,77); bent arm hang (only in the first study (boys – 8.21; girls – 3.02); forward stretches in both the first (boys – 2,43; girls – 1,30) as in the second study (boys – 3,30; girls – 2,19). Conclusions. In both groups, boys as well as girls reported statistically significant changes in physical development, which is a normal symptom of growth, but only in the group of girls a statistically significant increase in BMI occured. In evaluating swimming training and its effect on fitness, it can be stated that the boys were positively influenced by such tests as (bent arm hang and sit-ups) and negatively by 50 m and 600 m run. On the other hand, among girls: positive only in the sit-ups test, and negative, as in the group of boys in at 50 m and 600 m run. In the group of girls, it was also noted that the trainees, despite the fact that in the first study achieved a significantly better result in the bent arm hang test, in the second attempt they obtained a considerably weaker result, while the non-training girls in the second measurement achieved a statistically better result than the first one.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Flipped Classroom Strategy on Motivation towards Learning English by the First Intermediate School Girls in Riyadh: فاعلية استراتيجية الفصول المقلوبة في تنمية الدافعية نحو تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية لدى طالبات أول متوسط في الرياض

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohud Suliman Al- Henaki
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Environment ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intermediate School ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
School Girls ◽  
Learning English

The research aimed to investigate the Effect of the Flipped Classroom Strategy on Motivation towards Learning English by the First Intermediate School Girls in Riyadh. The research used a semi- experimental methodology to measure the independent variable (teaching technique) on the dependent variable (motivation toward learning). The population included all the students of the first grade in the public schools attending the second term, school year (1439- 1440 AH.). The sample consisted of (82) students, divided into two groups, one experimental consisted of (41) female students, while the other one is a control group consisted of (41) female students. The research tool was the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ). After analyzing the collected data with suitable statistical techniques, the following result was reached: -  There is a statistically significant difference at (α ≥ 0.05) between the means of the students of the two groups (control and experimental) in favor of the experimental group. Therefore, the research proved that the positive effect of teaching using flipped classes in improving the motivation towards learning by middle level female students in English language. Accordingly, various recommendations were presented. Most importantly, develop units for designing school curricula by using flipped classes in the educational administrations. In order to be ready to supply the schools with various subjects (English, Mathematics, Science… etc.) for various levels. Besides, offering incentives for applying, cultivating the specialists, teachers and others who are interested in education by using the flipped classroom strategy, basics and applications. Expand the applications of the flipped classroom strategy in various school levels to improve the motivations of students towards classroom environment and improve the skills of students' using computers and internet, as well as train them on the various technological skills.

scholarly journals The Effect of Teaching Science on the Model of Development in Developing Creative Thinking Skills among Middle School Students in Al-Mahawabah School - Jeddah Educational Zone: أثر تدريس العلوم بالنموذج الإثرائي في تنمية مهارات التفكير الإبداعي لدى طالبات المرحلة المتوسطة بمدرسة الموهوبات- منطقة جدة التعليمية

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind Hadban Al Jahani
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
School Students ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Mean Values

The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of teaching based on the model of enrichment in the development of creative thinking skills in the science of gifted students in the intermediate stage. In Jeddah, the research used the pre-test, post-test, control group design. (32) students; of the new students in the first grade average, and after the completion of the research experience, which lasted throughout the first semester of the academic year 1435/1436 e and the rate of (4) weekly quotas, the same scale was applied on the same sample and then collected data for the tribal scale, , And conducted statistical analyzes using To detect the significance of the differences between the mean values ​​of the scores of the research sample in the Torrance scale of creative thinking skills, the research found the following results: - There are significant differences at the level of α (T- test) for the independent samples (T- test Independent-Sample) = 0.05); between the average scores of students in the tribal application and their mean scores in the post-application at the macro level of the scale, and in each skill in favor of the post-scale.

scholarly journals Metaphor Counseling and Students Responsibility on Elementary School

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Riana Mashar ◽  
Juntika Nurihsan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Research Result ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Experimental Group

The research aimed to figure out the effect of metaphor counseling in STAR KIDS (Story Teach Responsibility for Kids) module toward the responsibility of 6-7-year-old students of the first grade of elementary school. The research used untreated control group design by providing pretest and posttest sample design. The research subject consisted of 21 students in the experimental group and 26 students as the control group. The responsibility data collection performed by using observation guideline checklist, which quantified in the interval scale. SPM Raven scale measured the children's bits of intelligence. The STAR KIDS treatment is given in 15 meetings. The results of the pretest and posttest were analyzed by using Anacova analysis technique through SPSS 17 for Windows. The research result showed that (1) students of experiment group who received STAR KIDS metaphor counseling showed higher responsibility increase rather than students of a control group who did not receive the treatment, (2) The intelligence of the students did not show the effect on the effectiveness of counseling metaphor.

scholarly journals Influence of probiotic and prebiotic on meat quality of broiler chicken carcasses

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 04009
Author(s):  
Irina Chervonova
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The article presents the results of studying the impact of the spore-forming probiotic “Olin” and the prebiotic “Eсofiltrum” on the meat quality of broiler chicken carcasses of the Ross-308 cross. In the course of the research, it has been found that the inclusion of these preparations in the broiler diet has a positive effect on the studied indicators: the pre-slaughter weight increased by 4.3-5.7%, the weight of the gutted carcass by 4.6-6.2%, the muscle weight 4.8-6.5%, the weight of the loin muscles by 5.7-8.2%. The ratio of edible parts to inedible parts is 4.14 in the third experimental group, 4.08-in the second, and 4.04-in the control. Based on the results of the anatomical cutting of broiler carcasses and according to the fatness indicators the poultry carcasses of the third and second experimental groups, 87.5% and 87.2%, respectively, belong to the first grade, and the yield of the first grade carcasses is 86.2% in the control group. Meat products obtained from both the control poultry and the poultry of both experimental groups has no off-aroma odor and taste, the meat is juicy, tender and aromatic. The products obtained from broiler chickens, whose ration includes the probiotic “Olin” and the prebiotic “Ecofiltrum”, do not have any deviations from the established standards and norms. During the research, it has been found that the use of the studied drugs has a positive effect on the meat quality of poultry carcasses. However, broiler chickens receiving the probiotic “Olin” has more pronounced meat qualities.

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