scholarly journals Not Just Smoking and High-Tech Medicine: Socioeconomic Inequities in U.S. Mortality Rates, Overall and by Race/Ethnicity, 1960–2006

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Krieger ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Anna Kosheleva ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

Recent research on the post-1980 widening of U.S. socioeconomic inequalities in mortality has emphasized the contribution of smoking and high-tech medicine, with some studies treating the growing inequalities as effectively inevitable. No studies, however, have analyzed long-term trends in U.S. mortality rates and inequities unrelated to smoking or due to lack of basic medical care, even as a handful have shown that U.S. socioeconomic inequalities in overall mortality shrank between the mid-1960s and 1980. The authors accordingly analyzed U.S. mortality data for 1960–2006, stratified by county income quintile and race/ethnicity, for mortality unrelated to smoking and preventable by 1960s' standards of medical care. Key findings are that relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities in U.S. mortality unrelated to smoking and preventable by 1960s' medical care standards shrank between the 1960s and 1980 and then increased and stagnated, with absolute rates on a par with several leading causes of death, and with the burden greatest for U.S. populations of color. None of these findings can be attributed to trends in smoking-related deaths and access to high-tech medicine, and they also demonstrate that socioeconomic inequities in mortality can shrink and need not inevitably rise.

scholarly journals Long-Term Trends in Unintentional Fall Mortality in China: A Population-Based Age-Period-Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenkun Wang ◽  
Youzhen Hu ◽  
Fang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Unintentional Falls

Background: Unintentional falls seriously threaten the life and health of people in China. This study aimed to assess the long-term trends of mortality from unintentional falls in China and to examine the age-, period-, and cohort-specific effects behind them.Methods: This population-based multiyear cross-sectional study of Chinese people aged 0–84 years was a secondary analysis of the mortality data of fall injuries from 1990 to 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Age-standardized mortality rates of unintentional falls by year, sex, and age group were used as the main outcomes and were analyzed within the age-period-cohort framework.Results: Although the crude mortality rates of unintentional falls for men and women showed a significant upward trend, the age-standardized mortality rates for both sexes only increased slightly. The net drift of unintentional fall mortality was 0.13% (95% CI, −0.04 to 0.3%) per year for men and −0.71% (95% CI, −0.96 to −0.46%) per year for women. The local drift values for both sexes increased with age group. Significant age, cohort, and period effects were found behind the mortality trends of the unintentional falls for both sexes in China.Conclusions: Unintentional falls are still a major public health problem that disproportionately threatens the lives of men and women in China. Efforts should be put in place urgently to prevent the growing number of fall-related mortality for men over 40 years old and women over 70 years old. Gains observed in the recent period, relative risks (RRs), and cohort RRs may be related to improved healthcare and better education.

scholarly journals Economic Fluctuations and Urban-rural Differences in Educational Inequalities in Mortality in Three Baltic Countries and Finland in 2000–2015: A Register-based Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mall Leinsalu ◽  
Aleksei Baburin ◽  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Juris Krumins ◽  
Pekka Martikainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
Overall Mortality

Abstract We examined urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in three Baltic countries and Finland in the context of macroeconomic changes. Educational inequalities among 30–74 year olds were examined in 2000–2003, 2004–2007, 2008–2011 and 2012–2015 using census-linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age-standardized mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Overall mortality rates were larger in rural areas except among Finnish women. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were often larger in urban areas among men but in rural areas among women. Absolute inequalities were mostly larger in rural areas. Between 2000–2003 and 2012–2015 relative inequalities increased in most countries while absolute inequalities decreased except in Lithuania. In the Baltic countries the changes in both relative and absolute inequalities were more favourable in urban areas; in Finland they were more favourable in rural areas. The overall pattern changed during the reccessionary period between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 when relative inequalities often diminished or the increase slowed, while the decrease in absolute inequalities accelerated with larger improvements observed in urban areas. Despite substantial progress in reducing overall mortality rates in both urban and rural areas in all countries, low educated men and women in rural areas in the Baltic countries are becoming increasingly disadvantaged in terms of mortality reduction.

Mortality Rates and Trends in Massachusetts Before 1860

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maris A. Vinovskis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Different Sources

The study of mortality rates and trends in the United States before 1860 has been rather unsystematic to date. Most scholars have been content to estimate the mortality rate at some point in time and only a few serious efforts have been made to ascertain the long-term trends in mortality. Particularly lacking are efforts to relate estimates of mortality in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to those of the nineteenth century. In addition, the few studies that have attempted to discuss long-term trends in American mortality have been forced to rely on estimates of mortality gathered from different sources and based on different techniques of analysis. Unfortunately, almost no efforts have been made to estimate possible biases introduced when comparing mortality data from different types of records.

scholarly journals The Stratification Index for Comparing Between-Group Differences in Mortality: Evidence from Finnish Income Groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Shi ◽  
José Manuel Aburto ◽  
Pekka Martikainen ◽  
Lasse Tarkiainen ◽  
Alyson A van Raalte
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Summary Measure ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
Unique Domain ◽  
Group Characteristics ◽  
Mortality Inequality

The study of the mortality differences between groups has traditionally focused on metrics such as life expectancy and standardized mortality rates, which give insights into how group characteristics are linked with average levels of mortality. Additional insights can be gained by examining differences in lifespan distributions between groups. Here, we propose a new summary measure of mortality inequality by comparing group-specific lifespan distributions. Our proposed index, mortality stratification, measures the degree of overlap in the lifespan distributions. It helps to capture important between-group differences that conventional life-expectancy comparisons miss. In order to test its utility, we apply the stratification index to Finnish income quintile groups over the period from 1996 to 2017. We find that both stratification and life-expectancy differences between income groups increased substantially from 1996 to 2008; subsequently, the life-expectancy difference declined, whereas stratification stagnated for men and increased for women. By comparing results between different summary measures, we conclude that the stratification index can behave in different ways empirically and thus uncover a unique domain of inequalities in mortality.

scholarly journals Economic fluctuations and urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in the Baltic countries and Finland in 2000–2015: a register-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Leinsalu ◽  
A. Baburin ◽  
D. Jasilionis ◽  
J. Krumins ◽  
P. Martikainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
Overall Mortality

AbstractWe examined urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Finland in the context of macroeconomic changes. Educational inequalities among 30–74 year olds were examined in 2000–2003, 2004–2007, 2008–2011 and 2012–2015 using census-linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age-standardized mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Overall mortality rates were larger in rural areas except among Finnish women. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were often larger in urban areas among men but in rural areas among women. Absolute inequalities were mostly larger in rural areas excepting Finnish men. Between 2000–2003 and 2012–2015 relative inequalities increased in most countries while absolute inequalities decreased except in Lithuania. In the Baltic countries the changes in both relative and absolute inequalities tended to be more favorable in urban areas; in Finland they were more favorable in rural areas. The overall pattern changed during the reccessionary period from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 when relative inequalities often diminished or the increase slowed, while the decrease in absolute inequalities accelerated with larger improvements observed in urban areas. Despite substantial progress in reducing overall mortality rates in both urban and rural areas in all countries, low educated men and women in rural areas in the Baltic countries are becoming increasingly disadvantaged in terms of mortality reduction.

Inequalities and Impact of Socioeconomic-Cultural Factors in Suicide Rates Across Italy

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pompili ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Monica Vichi ◽  
Maria Masocco ◽  
Nicola Vanacore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature death in Italy and occurs at different rates in the various regions. Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of suicide in the Italian population aged 15 years and older for the years 1980–2006. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Mortality Database. Results: Mortality rates for suicide in Italy reached a peak in 1985 and declined thereafter. The different patterns observed by age and sex indicated that the decrease in the suicide rate in Italy was initially the result of declining rates in those aged 45+ while, from 1997 on, the decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in suicide rates among the younger age groups. It was found that socioeconomic factors underlined major differences in the suicide rate across regions. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon that may be determined by an array of factors. Suicide prevention should, therefore, be targeted to identifiable high-risk sociocultural groups in each country.

Meaning of innovative technologies for improvement of results in treating burned patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
A. A. Alekseev ◽  
A. E. Bobrovnikov ◽  
V. V. Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Burn Disease ◽  
Complications And Mortality

In order to include innovative technologies in clinical recommendations, confirmation of their clinical effectiveness in comprehensive treatment of burned patients is necessary. 1,696 case histories of patients with burns were audited, which are divided into two groups depending on peculiarities of treatment. The use of innovative treatment technologies for burned patients has reduced the incidence of burn disease complications and mortality. Introduction of innovative technologies in treating burned patients into broad clinical practice improves results of provision of specialized, high-tech medical care for victims of burns.

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