A Comparison of Visual versus Auditory Imagery in Predicting Word Recall

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Tracy ◽  
Chris H. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Better Than

A strong relationship exits between a word's capacity to evoke imagery and the word's recallability. Researchers have attributed this finding to visual imagery, generally neglecting to study other forms of imagery. This study examined the relationship between word imagery and recallability for both visual and auditory imagery. Introductory psychology students imagined a future trip to a beach and rated the visual imagery or the auditory imagery of various objects. For example, they rated, “How easy is it to see [or hear] the waves?” Subsequently, students free recalled the objects. Results showed that visual imagery and word recallability were positively related. In contrast, auditory imagery and recallability were curvilinearly related; objects rated as easy to hear (audible) or difficult to hear (nonaudible) were recalled better than objects of intermediate audibility. We concluded that when students tried to imagine hearing nonaudible objects, the objects became distinctive and consequently memorable. Further, a curvilinear relationship did not occur for visual imagery because the objects were visible. Other interpretations of mental imagery were also considered.

Musical Imagery

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Weber ◽  
Suellen Brown
Keyword(s):  
Image Coding ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Written Responses ◽  
Musical Imagery ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Tonal Contour ◽  
Better Than

An objective indicator of musical imagery is developed that involves tracking the up and down movements of the tonal contour of an imagined musical phrase or tune. In two experiments, college students' imagery of music was examined. In both experiments, subjects learned musical phrases with words (songs) and without words (melodies). They then indicated as rapidly as possibly the tonal contour. In Experiment 1, the primary issue was whether musical imagery (as distinct from kinesthetic or visual imagery) drew on the same representation as overt song. Subjects processed the phrases by using either an imaginal or overtly sung representation. No difference in processing time was found between the imaginal and overt modes of representation, consistent with a common representation. A second issue was "tonal primacy," the priority of tonal coding over verbal or word coding in musical phrases; in fact, songs (with words) were processed as well or better than melodies (without words). No evidence favoring tonal primacy was found. In Experiment 2, the issues examined were possible kinesthetic or visual image coding of pitch representation and possible sharing of tonal and verbal generation processes for musical imagery and auditory imagery. Spoken responses for classifying tonal relations took longer than written responses, indicating that kinesthetic and visual image coding was unlikely and that the pitch generation of musical imagery shared resources with a more general auditory imagery.

scholarly journals Attention driven phantom vision: measuring the sensory strength of attentional templates and their relation to visual mental imagery and aphantasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1817) ◽  
pp. 20190688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Keogh ◽  
Joel Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Special Population ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Future Object ◽  
The Relationship

When we search for an object in an array or anticipate attending to a future object, we create an ‘attentional template' of the object. The definitions of attentional templates and visual imagery share many similarities as well as many of the same neural characteristics. However, the phenomenology of these attentional templates and their neural similarities to visual imagery and perception are rarely, if ever discussed. Here, we investigate the relationship between these two forms of non-retinal phantom vision through the use of the binocular rivalry technique, which allows us to measure the sensory strength of attentional templates in the absence of concurrent perceptual stimuli. We find that attentional templates correlate with both feature-based attention and visual imagery. Attentional templates, like imagery, were significantly disrupted by the presence of irrelevant visual stimuli, while feature-based attention was not. We also found that a special population who lack the ability to visualize (aphantasia), showed evidence of feature-based attention when measured using the binocular rivalry paradigm, but not attentional templates. Taken together, these data suggest functional similarities between attentional templates and visual imagery, advancing the theory of visual imagery as a general simulation tool used across cognition. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.

What Are Confident Athletes Imaging?: An Examination of Image Content

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra E. Moritz ◽  
Craig R. Hall ◽  
Kathleen A. Martin ◽  
Eva Vadocz
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Imagery Ability ◽  
Image Content ◽  
Hierarchical Multiple Regression ◽  
Mastery Experiences ◽  
Sport Skills ◽  
The Relationship

Despite the advocacy of a confidence-enhancing function of mental imagery, the relationship between confidence and imagery has received little attention from sport researchers. The primary purpose of the present study was to identify the specific image content of confident athletes. Fifty-seven elite competitive rollerskaters completed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised (MIQ-R), the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ), and the State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI). Results revealed that high sport-confident athletes used more mastery and arousal imagery, and had better kinesthetic and visual imagery ability than low sport-confident athletes did. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that mastery imagery accounted for the majority of variance in SSCI scores (20%). The results of this study suggest that when it comes to sport confidence, the imaged rehearsal of specific sport skills may not be as important as the imagery of sport-related mastery experiences and emotions.

scholarly journals Auditory and Visual Mental Imagery in Musicians and Nonmusicians

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Talamini ◽  
Julia Vigl ◽  
Elizabeth Doerr ◽  
Massimo Grassi ◽  
Barbara Carretti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Visual Mental Imagery ◽  
Formally Trained

The present research investigated auditory and visual mental imagery and how this ability differs in people with and without musical training. In a first part, the characteristics of a new auditory imagery self-report questionnaire (the Vividness of Auditory Imagery Questionnaire, VAIQ) were reported. The questionnaire was composed of 16 items assessing mental vividness of auditory everyday sounds and it was administered to 147 participants, demonstrating good psychometric properties. In a second part, self-reported vividness of auditory and visual images was assessed in people with and without music expertise. Thirty-six formally trained musicians, 33 self-taught musicians, and 33 nonmusicians completed the questionnaires. The newly built questionnaire VAIQ and the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ, Marks, 1973) were administered. Music aptitude and general cognitive abilities were also assessed in all participants as control measures. We observed that both groups of musicians self-reported greater vividness of mental imagery for auditory nonmusical sounds than nonmusicians, but not for visual images. The study confirmed that music expertise is linked to enhanced self-reported auditory mental imagery for everyday sounds, illustrating that such advantage is selective for auditory imagery; no difference concerning visual imagery between the groups of musicians and nonmusicians emerged.

Social Diversity Affects the Number of Parties Even Under First-Past-the-Post Rules

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 938-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Milazzo ◽  
Robert G. Moser ◽  
Ethan Scheiner
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Social Diversity ◽  
Effective Number Of Parties ◽  
Number Of Parties ◽  
The Relationship

Nearly all systematic empirical work on the relationship between social diversity and the number of parties asserts the “interactive hypothesis”—Social heterogeneity leads to party fragmentation under permissive electoral rules, but not under single-member district, first-past-the-post (FPTP) rules. In this article, we argue that previous work has been hindered by a reliance on national-level measures of variables and a linear model of the relationship between diversity and party fragmentation. This article provides the first analysis to test the interactive hypothesis appropriately by using district-level measures of both ethnic diversity and the effective number of parties in legislative FPTP elections and considering a curvilinear relationship between the variables. We find that there is a strong relationship between social diversity and the number of parties even under FPTP electoral rules, thus suggesting that restrictive rules are not as powerful a constraint on electoral behavior and outcomes as is usually supposed.

Two Modes of Visual Imagery

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 649-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Starker
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between active thought imagery and a passive, spontaneous mode of mental imagery is examined with regard to vividness. Results showed a significant consistency within the two modes but the relationship between modes remains unclear. Distinction between modes may be important in the design of research on imagery.

scholarly journals AUDIT KEUANGAN DAN KESEJAHTERAAN RAKYAT STUDI PADA KABUPATEN BADUNG, TABANAN DAN KOTA DENPASAR TAHUN 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Bahrullah Akbar ◽  
Achmad Djazuli
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Finance Management ◽  
The People ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Financial Audit ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Better Than

Based on Article 23 UUD 1945, state finance management is addressed for the prosperity of people. Economic and non-economic welfare are two elements that form the prosperity of the people. This study aimed to see the relationship between financial audit and the welfare of the people in the Regencies of Badung, Tabanan and the City of Denpasar. This study use descriptive methodology to describe the relationship between the financial audit with the people's welfare through comparative techniques and scatter plots. The study result shows that economic welfare indicators in Bali are generally better than the national average. In addition, this study proved empirically that there is no strong relationship between financial audit particularly with people's welfare.KEYWORDS:people's prosperity, people's welfare, financial audit, descriptive methodologyABSTRAKBerdasarkan pasal 23 UUD 1945, pengelolaan keuangan negara ditujukan untuk sebesarbesarnya kemakmuran rakyat. Kesejahteraan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan non ekonomi merupakan dua elemen yang membentuk kemakmuran rakyat. Kajian ini ditujukan untuk menghubungkan antara audit keuangan dan kesejahteraan rakyat di Kabupaten Badung, Tabanan dan Kota Denpasar Provinsi Bali. Metodologi deskriptif untuk menggambarkan hubungan antara audit keuangan dengan kesejahteraan rakyat melalui teknik komparasi dan scatter plot digunakan dalam kajian ini. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa indikator kesejahteran ekonomi di Bali secara umum lebih tinggi dari ratarata nasional. Selain itu dalam kajian ini dibuktikan bahwa secara empiris belum ada hubungan yang kuat antara audit keuangan khususnya dengan kesejahteraan rakyat.KATA KUNCI:kemakmuran rakyat, kesejahteraan rakyat, audit keuangan, metodologi deskriptif 

Some Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Clarity of Auditory Imagery Scale

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Campos ◽  
María José Pérez-Fabello
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Orthogonal Rotation ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Components Analysis

Few tests have been designed to measure auditory imagery. This study assessed the factor structure and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the Clarity of Auditory Imagery Scale (CAIS). Participants were 234 undergraduate students ( M age = 19.6 yr.). Internal consistency reliability estimated by Cronbach's alpha was .82. In a principal components analysis followed by varimax orthogonal rotation, five factors were identified. Scores correlated moderately and positively with ratings on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire–2 and negatively on the auditory scale of Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, but weakly and negatively with scores on the Measure of the Ability to Form Spatial Mental Imagery.

Self-Report Imagery Questionnaire Scores and Subtypes of Social-Desirable Responding

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Allbutt ◽  
Jonathan Ling ◽  
Thomas M. Heffernan ◽  
Mohammed Shafiullah
Keyword(s):  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Thinking Style ◽  
Social Desirable Responding

Allbutt, Ling, and Shafiullah (2006) and Allbutt, Shafiullah, and Ling (2006) found that scores on self-report measures of visual imagery experience correlate primarily with the egoistic form of social-desirable responding. Here, three studies are reported which investigated whether this pattern of findings generalized to the ratings of imagery vividness in the auditory modality, a new version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire ( Marks, 1995 ), and reports of visual thinking style. The measure of social-desirable responding used was the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR; Paulhus, 2002 ). Correlational analysis replicated the pattern seen in our earlier work and of the correlations with the egoistic bias, the correlation with vividness of visual imagery was largest and significant, the correlation with visual thinking style next largest and approached significance, and the correlation with vividness of auditory imagery was the smallest and not significant. The size of these correlations mirrored the extent to which the three aspects of imagery were valued by participants.

A Multimedia Situational Test With a Constructed-Response Format

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke K. Oostrom ◽  
Marise Ph. Born ◽  
Alec W. Serlie ◽  
Henk T. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Constructed Response ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Situational Test

Advances in computer technology have created opportunities for the development of a multimedia situational test in which responses are filmed with a webcam. This paper examined the relationship of a so-called webcam test with personality, cognitive ability, job experience, and academic performance. Data were collected among 153 psychology students. In line with our expectations, scores on the webcam test, intended to measure interpersonally oriented leadership, were related to extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and job experience. Furthermore, the webcam tests significantly predicted students’ learning activities during group meetings over and above a cognitive ability test and a personality questionnaire. Overall, this study demonstrates that webcam tests can be a valid complement to traditional predictors in selection contexts.

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