Stratification and Smoking: A Search for Class-Based Smoking Lifestyles

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
General Climate ◽  
Smoking Attitudes

This study looked for evidence of distinctive smoking lifestyles among social classes. Data on smoking attitudes and behaviors were collected via interviews of a representative sample of residents of a major western Canadian city. Four indicators of social class position (based on two approaches to conceptualizing social class) were employed. Regardless of the indicator of class used, few attitudinal or behavioral differences between social classes were found. The results suggest that the multi-faceted approach to smoking prevention in Canada has fostered a general climate of opinion which is antagonistic to smoking. Sociological factors which can lead to misperceptions of the extent of social class differences in smoking are discussed.

A Comparison of Housewife Decision Making in Two Social Classes

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph N. Fry ◽  
Frederick H. Siller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Observed Behavior

A field study employing a shopping simulation compared the purchasing behavior of working and middle class housewives. Explanations of behavioral differences were sought through an analysis of the respondents’ personal attributes. Substantial variation was found in the nature of decision making by social class, even when observed behavior was similar.

Age/Grade and Social-Class Differences in Descriptions and Inquiries about Games

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Denise M. Worth
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Grade 8

This study explored cognitive performance differences between disadvantaged and middle-class boys on descriptive and inquiry tasks relating to everyday games. Fourth and eighth grade boys from both social classes were asked to describe the game they played most, then to learn a new game using yes-or-no questioning. The interviews were content-analyzed by category of game information and rated for effectiveness of description and inquiry. Grade 8 boys covered a wider array of categories for a description or inquiry of a given length. They were also more likely to explore the object of the game on all tasks. Grade 4 boys more frequently seemed at a loss in generating questions on the inquiry task. Socioeconomic differences were present, favoring middle-class boys, but they were smaller and less consistent than age/grade differences, and somewhat greater at Grade 4. While most Grade 8 boys were able to pursue an inquiry, more middle-class boys seemed involved in the task in a positive and motivated way. Complexity of grade and social-class differences in cognitive performance and the need for further research were discussed.

Social class differences in mortality in Great Britain around 1981

1988 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haberman ◽  
D. S. F. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Occupational Mortality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

The Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality published in 1978 commented on mortality differences between the social classes (Chapter 8) using data from the 1971 Census and the deaths in the period 1970–72. The analysis was based on life tables prepared for the individual social classes from which derived indices, for example expectations of life, were calculated. It is proposed here to repeat this exercise using the data for males recently published in microfiche form by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys—OPCS. This time, the Decennial Supplement has omitted to provide an analysis and commentary and we propose to make some attempt to remedy this deficiency. In our analysis, the Decennial Supplement data have been supplemented by data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study.

Social Class Inequalities in the Utilization of Health Care and Preventive Services in Spain, a Country with a National Health System

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Garrido-Cumbrera ◽  
Carme Borrell ◽  
Laia Palència ◽  
Albert Espelt ◽  
Maica Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
National Health ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Differences

In Spain, despite the existence of a National Health System (NHS), the utilization of some curative health services is related to social class. This study assesses (1) whether these inequalities are also observed for preventive health services and (2) the role of additional private health insurance for people of advantaged social classes. Using data from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2006, the authors analyze the relationships between social class and use of health services by means of Poisson regression models with robust variance, controlling for self-assessed health. Similar analyses were performed for waiting times for visits to a general practitioner (GP) and specialist. After controlling for self-perceived health, men and women from social classes IV-V had a higher probability of visiting the GP than other social classes, but a lower probability of visiting a specialist or dentist. No large class differences were observed in frequency of hospitalization or emergency services use, or in breast cancer screening or influenza vaccination; cervical cancer screening frequency was lower among women from social classes IV-V. The inequalities in specialist visits, dentist visits, and cervical cancer screening were larger among people with only NHS insurance than those with double health insurance. Social class differences in waiting times were observed for specialist visits, but not for GP visits. Men and women from social classes IV-V had longer waits for a specialist; this was most marked among people with only NHS insurance. Clearly, within the NHS, social class inequalities are still evident for some curative and preventive services. Further research is needed to identify the factors driving these inequalities and to tackle these factors from within the NHS. Priority areas include specialist services, dental care, and cervical cancer screening.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Kelas Sosial sebagai Penyebab Ijime dalam Novel Grotesque

Humaniora ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Linda Unsriana
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
High Social Class ◽  
Japanese Schools ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

Ijime or bullying is a common problem in Japanese schools, and even, ijime actions sometimes result in the victims or the victims commit to suicide. Ijime is also depicted in the Grotesqe novel on a character, Kazue Sato. Kazue Sato is a girl who desperately wants to enroll an elite girl school, Q school. The school is for students from high social class. Nevertheless, by passing the strict exams, intelligent students from different social classes can go to this school. Article  elaborates the relationship between social class differences in the actions of ijime, using a corpus of works Natsuo Kirino’s novel, Grotesque. After analyzing the data with descriptive method of analysis, it is found that there is a relationship between social class differences and ijime actions. Students from different social classes, although they are cleverer, cannot mingle with students from higher social classes. In fact, students from lower social classes experience ijime actions from other students.  

scholarly journals Occupational Social Class and Earnings Inequality in Europe: A Comparative Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Goedemé ◽  
Brian Nolan ◽  
Marii Paskov ◽  
David Weisstanner
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Earnings Differentials ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Occupational Social Class

AbstractWhile there is renewed interest in earnings differentials between social classes, the contribution of social class to overall earnings inequality across countries and net of compositional effects remains largely uncharted territory. This paper uses data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions to assess earnings differentials between social classes (as measured by ESeC) and the role of between-class inequality in overall earnings inequality across 30 European countries. We find that there is substantial variation in earnings differences between social classes across countries. Countries with higher levels of between-class inequality tend to display higher levels of overall earnings inequality, but this relationship is far from perfect. Even with highly aggregated class measures, between-class inequality accounts for a non-negligible share of total earnings inequality (between 15 and 25% in most countries). Controlling for observed between-class differences in composition shows that these account for much of the observed between-class earnings inequality, while in most countries between-class differences in returns to observed compositional variables do not play a major role. In all these respects we find considerable variation across countries, implying that both the size of between-class differences in earnings and the primary mechanisms that produce these class differences vary substantially between European countries.

Social class differences in infant mortality: the problem of competing hypotheses

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Humphrey ◽  
Jonathan Elford
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Selection ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Competing Hypotheses

SummaryThere is no agreed explanation of the social class gradient in infant mortality. The longstanding debate continues between those who favour explanations based on natural or social selection and those who stress the influence of environmental circumstances. These explanations are often presented as competing hypotheses between which it is necessary to make an absolute choice. An article which takes this approach is critically examined. It is argued that such an approach may lead to erroneous conclusions, and may divert attention away from the primary task of understanding how to bring about further improvements in the survival of infants in the manual social classes.

scholarly journals Between-Class Earnings Inequality in 30 European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-778
Author(s):  
Tim Goedemé ◽  
Marii Paskov ◽  
David Weisstanner ◽  
Brian Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
Southern European Countries ◽  
Cross National

Abstract This article studies earnings inequality between social classes across 30 European countries. Class inequality in earnings is found across the board although there are some exceptions. However, the degree of class inequality varies strongly across countries being larger in Western and Southern European countries and smaller in Eastern and Northern European countries. Furthermore, we find that differences in class composition in terms of observed characteristics associated with earnings account for a substantial proportion of these between-class differences. Differences between classes in the returns to education and other characteristics play less of a role. In all these respects there is a sizeable cross-national variation. This points to important differences between countries in how earnings are structured by social class.

Identity options: Social class differences in biracial identification

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Townsend ◽  
Stephanie Fryberg ◽  
Hazel Markus ◽  
Clara Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Class Differences

Experiences of Stereotyping and Tracking in Appalachia: A Case in Consolidation and Social Class

2021 ◽  
pp. 155545892098233
Author(s):  
Connor J. Fewell ◽  
Michael E. Hess ◽  
Charles Lowery ◽  
Madeleine Gervason ◽  
Sarah Ahrendt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Social Class ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Critical Incident ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
School Level ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
First Time

This case explores the complexities of how consolidation perpetuates stereotypes among different social classes in a rural Appalachian school setting. Examined are the experiences at the intersection of social class in rural U.S. school districts when two communities—one affluent and one underresourced—are consolidated. We present a nuanced critical incident that focuses on how school leaders perceive and address students’ experiences with tracking and stereotyping—particularly at a middle school level where elementary schools from diverse backgrounds attend school together for the first time.

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