scholarly journals Evaluation of Sever Respiratory Illness Sentinel Surveillance System in Yemen (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghamdan Gamal Alkholidy ◽  
Labiba Saeed Anam ◽  
Ali Ali Al Mahaqri ◽  
Yousef S. Khader
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

BACKGROUND The national Severe Acute Respiratory Illness surveillance system in Yemen was established in 2010 to monitor SARI occurrence in humans and provide a foundation for detecting SARI outbreaks. OBJECTIVE To ensure that the objectives of the national surveillance are being met, this study aimed to determine the level of usefulness and assess the performance of the SARI surveillance system in Yemen. METHODS The updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines were used for the purpose of evaluation. Related documents and reports were reviewed. Data were collected from four central-level managers and stakeholders, and from ten focal points at four Sentinel sites using semi-structured questionnaire. For each attribute, the score percent was calculated and ranked as the following: very poor (≤ 20 %), poor (>20-≤ 40%), average (>40-≤ 60%), good (>60-≤80 %) and excellent (>80 %). RESULTS As rated by the evaluators, SARI surveillance system achieved its targets. The system attributes flexibility (percent score: 86%) and acceptability (percent score: 82%) were rated as excellent, and simplicity (percent score: 74%) and stability (percent score: 75%) were rated as good. The percent score of timeliness was 23% in 2018, indicating poor timeliness. The overall data quality percent score of SARI system was 98.5%. Despite its many strengths, the SARI system has some weakness in that it depends on irregular external financial support. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the SARI surveillance system was useful in estimating morbidity and mortality, monitoring the trend of disease, stimulating researches to inform prevention and control measures. SARI surveillance system was excellent in flexibility, acceptability and data quality. Its simplicity and stability were good; its timeliness was poor. It is recommended to expand the system and engage private sites in SARI surveillance, establish an electronic database at central and peripheral levels, and provide the lab with the reagents needed for confirmation.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in South Korea: Proper timing for Easing Mask mandates after COVID-19 Vaccination

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yun-Jung Kang
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Proper Timing ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract As of 25 July 2021, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency reported 1,422 new COVID-19 cases, 188,848 total cases, and 2.073 total deaths (1.10% fatality rates). Since the first SARS-CoV-2 case was reported, efforts to find a treatment and vaccine against COVID-19 have been widespread. Four vaccines are on the WHO’s emergency use listing and are approved of their usage; BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222, and Ad26.COV2.S. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 need at least 14 days to achieve effectiveness. Thus, people should abide by prevention and control measures, including wearing masks, washing hands, and social distancing. However, a lot of new cases were reported after vaccinations, as many people did not follow the prevention control measures before the end of the 14 days period. There is no doubt we need to break free from mask mandates. But let us not decide the timing in haste. Even if the mask mandates are eased, they should be changed depending on the number of reported cases, vaccinations, as well as prevention and control measures on how circumstances are changing under the influence of mutant coronavirus.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Neonatal Tetanus Surveillance System in Sana'a city, Yemen (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Mohammed Al-Jamrah ◽  
Basheer Abdulgalil Al Nabehi ◽  
Khaled Abdullah Almoayed ◽  
Labiba Saeed Anam ◽  
Yousef S Khader
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Neonatal Tetanus ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Usefulness Score ◽  
Control And Prevention

BACKGROUND The Neonatal Tetanus Surveillance System (NTSS) in Yemen was established in 2009 to identify high-risk areas, determine trends, and evaluate elimination activities. Since its launch, the NTSS had never been evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the performance of NTSS and determine its strength and weaknesses to recommend improvements. METHODS The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines were used for evaluating the NTSS. The centrals' stakeholders, districts' surveillance coordinators, and facilities' focal points were interviewed to rate the attributes of the NTSS. The percent scores for attributes were ranked as poor (<60%), average (≥ 60- <80%) and good (≥ 80%. RESULTS The overall usefulness score percent was 38%, which indicates a poor performance. The performance of the NTSS was rated as an average on the flexibility (Score percent: 68%) and acceptability (Score percent: 64%) attributes and was rated as poor on stability (Score percent: 33%), simplicity (Score percent: 57%), and representativeness (Score percent: 39%) attributes. About 65% of investigation forms were filled within 48 hours of notification date. The data quality was poor as 41% of the core variables were missing. CONCLUSIONS The overall performance of the NTSS was poor. Most of the system attributes require improvement such as stability, simplicity, quality of data and completeness of investigation. To improve the performance of NTSS, the followings are recommended: Capacity building of staff (focal points), strengthening NTSS through technical support and government funding to ensure its sustainability, establishing an electronic investigation forms for improving the system data quality, and expansion of the NTSS coverage to include all private healthcare facilities.

scholarly journals Recommendations for control and prevention of infections for pediatric orthopedics during the epidemic period of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxing Wu ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhang ◽  
Yueqiang Mo ◽  
Dahui Wang ◽  
Bo Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pediatric Orthopedics ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Of Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Pediatric Orthopedic ◽  
And Control

The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and spread rapidly throughout the world. As of February 29, 2020, 79 389 cases of COVID-19 have been reported, and the outbreak is linked to 2838 deaths. The population is generally susceptible to the disease, and differences in incubation periods after infection exist among individuals. These two aspects of COVID-19 pose significant challenges to pediatric orthopedic diagnosis and treatment. As a dedicated center for managing pediatric cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Shanghai, our hospital has mobilized all branches and departments to undertake joint actions for scientific prevention and control, precise countermeasure and comprehensive anti-epidemic efforts. Combined with our experience, we have consulted the relevant national regulations and the latest research advances and have formulated the prevention and control measures of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including outpatient, emergency, inpatient and surgical cares, for clinical practices of pediatric orthopedics according to the physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2. It may serve as practical references and recommendations for managing SARS-CoV-2 infection in other pediatric specialties and in other hospitals.

scholarly journals Mass Evacuation and Quarantine Stay during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Experience of Nepalese Students Evacuated from Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Naveen Phuyal ◽  
Bibek Rajbhandari ◽  
Bikal Shrestha ◽  
Moon Thapa ◽  
Lee Budhathoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mass Evacuation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Introduction: Many Nepalese students were struck in China demanding to be evacuated to Nepal during COVID pandemic. Government of Nepal had evacuated and rescued 175 students from China and kept them in Quarantine for maximum incubation period. This study aimed to seek experience of the students who stayed in the quarantine center designated for Nepalese evacuees from Wuhan during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: All of the students repatriated from Wuhan were included in the study. Total of 165 participated for the study. A structured questionnaire was made and used for the study. Data was collected within a period of one week. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Ver 20.0, appropriate descriptive statistics were calculated and appropriate graphical representation done. Results: More than 77% of the respondents rated the evacuation procedure from Wuhan China to Nepal to be excellent. 60 % of the respondents rated the screening procedure at Tribhuwan International airport as excellent. Nearly 2/3rd of the respondents felt that their movement from airport to Quarantine area was excellent. All of the respondents said that the behavior of the staffs in quarantine to be courteous. 66.1% of the respondents rated their experience in quarantine as excellent. Regarding Hygiene and sanitation of the camp almost all of the respondents felt it was very good while nearly 2/3rd saying it excellent. Conclusions: Majority of the respondents rated their overall experience in Kharipati quarantine as excellent. Lessons from the quarantine’s residents can be used further in development of quarantine centers so that people follow normal prevention and control measures during pandemics and stay in quarantine happily for the period of maximum incubation period.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and time window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and time window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

Extremes of Temperature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Krake
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Extremes Of Temperature

This chapter covers extremes of temperature conditions, physiological effects, and prevention. All deaths caused by exposure to hot and cold temperature extremes are preventable when proper measures are taken. Described in this chapter are the effects of extreme heat and extreme cold on the health of members of the public, particularly older people and young people, and workers employed in various workplace settings. The differences between heat stress and heat strain are also discussed, as are various regulations governing exposure to temperature extremes. The nature and magnitude of heat- and cold-related conditions and symptoms are described in detail. Final sections of the chapter address various assessment and evaluation tools as well as prevention and control measures. In addition, an appendix describes the hazards related to hyperbaric and hypobaric environments and adverse health effects.

scholarly journals A Legionnaires’ Disease Cluster in a Private Building in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6922
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Ricci ◽  
Maria Cristina Rota ◽  
Maria Grazia Caporali ◽  
Antonietta Girolamo ◽  
Maria Scaturro
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
And Control

Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a severe pneumonia caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. This is a major public health concern and infections are steadily increasing worldwide. Several sources of infection have been identified, but they have not always been linked to human isolates by molecular match. The well-known Legionella contamination of private homes has rarely been associated with the acquisition of the disease, although some patients never left their homes during the incubation period. This study demonstrated by genomic matching between clinical and environmental Legionella isolates that the source of an LD cluster was a private building. Monoclonal antibodies and sequence-based typing were used to type the isolates, and the results clearly demonstrated the molecular relationship between the strains highlighting the risk of contracting LD at home. To contain this risk, the new European directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption has introduced for the first time Legionella as a microbiological parameter to be investigated in domestic water systems. This should lead to a greater attention to prevention and control measures for domestic Legionella contamination and, consequently, to a possible reduction in community acquired LD cases.

scholarly journals Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Wang ◽  
◽  
Shi-Xia Zhou ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Qing-Bin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractNational-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.

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