scholarly journals Organization of the state dental service in Ukraine: historiographical analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
I.P. Mazur ◽  
A.-O.Yu. Levchenko
Keyword(s):  
Dental Care ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Dental Service ◽  
The State ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Central State ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
The Creation

Background. The historical chronology of the creation of the state system of dental care organization in Ukraine reveals the first steps of formation and further development of dentistry as an integral part of scientific and clinical medicine. In 1920, a fundamentally new organizational and economic model of dental care with state funding was introduced in Ukraine, which provided for the coverage of the entire population of the country. The long history is the best basis for the analysis of the passed evolutionary way of dental care development in Ukraine. Objective: to study the historiography of dentistry formation as an independent discipline of scientific and clinical medicine, organization of the state dental service in Ukraine based on the results of research of archival materials of normative-legal documents. Materials and methods. Materials of the main archival documents of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv for 1919–1920 were studied and analyzed. The materials of the study were the main normative-legal documents regulating dental care: Order of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR No. 3 dated April 5, 1920 “On the organization of dental sections at the provincial health departments”; Order of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR No. 4 dated April 10, 1920 “On the organization of state dental care”; instructions to paragraph 2 of the Order of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR No. 4 dated April 10, 1920 “On state dental care”; instruction “On the issues of the decision of dentistry in state outpatient clinics” approved by the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR on April 13, 1920; “Plan for the organization of dental care provision to the population of Ukraine” approved by the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR on June 26, 1920. The research methods were the historical one, which involves the study of the creation, formation and development of objects in chronological order; and historical-critical one, which involves the extraction of reliable information from historical sources, the reconstruction of historical facts in order to study the history of events. Results. On the basis of archival materials of normative-legal documents of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv, a historical-critical analysis of the creation of the state system of dental service organization in Ukraine for 1919–1920 was conducted. The orders, directives and instructions approved by People’s Commissariat of Health of the Ukraine reveal the first steps in building and implementing a new organizational and economic model of dental care. The created healthcare system was based on the provision of social medical dental care by the state to every citizen of Ukraine. Conclusions. Historiographical analysis of normative-legal documents reveals the formation of dentistry as an integral part of highly qualified medical care. The introduced new organizational and economic model of providing social dental care to the population of Ukraine was based on the principles of gratuitousness, availability, proficiency, integration and prevention of dental diseases. Dental care for the population of Ukraine included the construction of a network system of state outpatient clinics, dental departments as a part of multidisciplinary clinics, dental departments and offices in hospitals, which were subordinated to the provincial odontological subdepartments and the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. The new model of state regulation was grounded on the planning and control of the provision of social dental care on the basis of state funding. The main tasks of the created healthcare system were the introduction of organizational measures aimed at mass coverage of free dental care for the citizens of Ukraine. An important area of dental care was the creation of school offices for the prevention of dental di-seases of the oral cavity in organized children’s groups.

Extending State Authority

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-97
Author(s):  
Matthew Rendle
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The State ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Central State ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Party Members ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Military

Chapter 2 examines how the creation of a justice system, like other institution-building exercises, formed an important part of re-establishing central state authority during this period. The Bolsheviks inherited a shattered state and their weaknesses, alongside widespread opposition, exacerbated the problem initially. As political courts targeting a wide variety of counter-revolutionary crimes, staffed by party members who proactively targeted criminals, tribunals were better placed to convey the authority and objectives of the state than other courts. Law became the ‘emissary of the state’, extending the state’s reach across Russia. This chapter explores the steady expansion of tribunals, including the establishment of military tribunals, transport tribunals, and travelling sessions of tribunals, as a means of exerting state authority from the end of 1918. Gradual unification of the system followed, but the Bolsheviks had re-established the state by 1922, and this achievement, the end of the civil war, and the publication of new law codes rendered many tribunals obsolete. Law’s purpose changed in a more stable Soviet Union, moving from revolutionary consciousness to revolutionary legality, although this chapter finishes by exploring the legacy of exceptional forms of justice and its continuance in the military and in the form of show trials.

scholarly journals UNKNOWN LVIV ARCHIVES' DOCUMENTS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF ROMAN SHUKHEVYCH AT THE UKRAINIAN STUDENT SPORTS CLUB

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 212-242
Author(s):  
Andrii SOVA
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Central State ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Deputy Chairman ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
State Archives ◽  
First Time ◽  
Commander In Chief ◽  
Club Sport

The author, for the first time, publishes documents from the State Archives of Lviv Region and the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv (CDIAL of Ukraine) concerning Roman Shukhevych's activities at the Ukrainian Student Sports Club (USSC) in Lviv during March 1931 - March 1934. It significantly supplements the biography of a leading figure of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the future Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Besides studying at Lviv Polytechnic and illegal activities in the OUN, Roman Shukhevych was actively involved in the USSC. The documents reveal his sporting achievements: he repeatedly took part in swimming competitions. For example, on September 6, 1931, he set a record for swimming in the 4x50 m freestyle among Ukrainian athletes in Galicia together with Mykhailo Polishchuk, Volodymyr Slipko, and Yurii Shukhevych. Much attention is given to the activity of R. Shukhevych as an organizational functionary, in particular as a Deputy Chairman of the USSC sports section, as well as a referee in swimming and athletics competitions. The published documents also clarify the life of Roman Shukhevych's brother Yurii, who was also an athlete and a member of the USSC (frequently participated in swimming competitions, set records in this sport) and other Ukrainian nationalists who did sports during this period, including Stepan Bandera, Dmytro Hrytsai, Oleksa Gasyn, Edvard Zharskyi, Yevhen Polotniuk, Ivan Seniv. Keywords Keywords: Roman Shukhevych, Lviv, Ukrainian Student Sports Club, sport, sports competitions, swimming, athletics, refereeing.

Economic Culture of the East: China

2014 ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
G. Lopatkin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Model ◽  
New Age ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
East China ◽  
Chinese Model ◽  
Economic Culture

The article discusses the features of China’s economic culture. The author traces the genesis of the economic model of the Chinese civilization and determine its potential as an alternative to the Western one. Among the characteristic properties of the Chinese model for much of the New Age one can note technological and organizational backwardness due to the restrictions imposed on the economic life of the state-bureaucratic model of the economy. The author comes to the conclusion that the Chinese model cannot act as an alternative to the Western one.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS OF ONOMASTIC STANDARDIZATION: BELARUSIAN EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
I.L. Kapylou
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
The Creation

The article describes the achievements and determines the prospects for the standardization of Belarusian onyms: it examines the problems associated with the establishment of official written forms of toponyms, the creation of normative onomastic reference books, the functioning of onyms in the situation of the state Belarusian-Russian bilingualism in Belarus, the transliteration of foreign names into the Belarusian language, the preparation of a legal framework and development of a program for proper names romanization.

The Museum Istiqlal The Case of an Indonesian Islamic Museum

SUHUF ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-357
Author(s):  
Jonathan Zilberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
The State ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Significant Potential ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government

This article describes the conflicted genesis of the Museum Istiqlal, the history of  the creation of the collection, and the state of the institution relative to other Indonesian museums. It emphasizes both  positive developments underway and the historical problems facing the institution. Above all, it focuses on the role the museum was originally intended to serve for the Indonesian Muslim public sphere and the significant potential the museum has to better serve that mission in the national and international sphere. In short, the article emphasizes that in the context of the Government of Indonesia’s current four year plan to revive the museum sector, the problems and opportunities presented at the Museum Istiqlal are symptomatic of endemic national challenges for both the museum and the education sector.

Two Centuries of Excavating Merovingian-Era Cemeteries In France

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-95
Author(s):  
Bonnie Effros
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Central Place ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Private Funding ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Creation

The excavation of Merovingian-period cemeteries in France began in earnest in the 1830s spurred by industrialization, the creation of many new antiquarian societies across the country, and French nationalism. However, the professionalization of the discipline of archaeology occurred slowly due to the lack of formal training in France, weak legal protections for antiquities, and insufficient state funding for archaeological endeavors. This chapter identifies the implications of the central place occupied by cemeterial excavations up until the mid-twentieth century and its impact on broader discussions in France of national origins and ethnic identity. In more recent years, with the creation of archaeological agencies such as Afan and Inrap, the central place once occupied by grave remains has been diminished. Rescue excavations and private funding for new structures have brought about a shift to other priorities and research questions, with both positive and negative consequences, though cemeteries remain an important source of evidence for our understanding of Merovingian society.

scholarly journals Restructuring the State: Policy Transition of Construction Land Supply in Urban and Rural China

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Renhao Yang ◽  
Qingyuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Rural China ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Central State ◽  
Land Supply ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Construction Land ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
State Functions

Encountering the articulation of the strongness of local authorities and market forces in China’s development, attention has been paid to the changing central state which recentralised the regulation capability of localities which has more discretional power on resources utilisation, land for example, in the post-reform era. Yet it is still not clear-cut what drives the state rescaling in terms of land governance and by what ways. After dissecting the evolving policies and practices of construction land supply in China with the focus on the roles of state, we draw two main conclusions. First, the policy trajectory of construction land supply entails a complicated reconfiguration of state functions, which is driven by three interwoven relations: land–capital relation, peasant–state relation and rural–urban relation. Second, state rescaling in terms of the governance of construction land provision works via four important approaches: limited decentralism, horizontal integralism, local experimentalism and political mobilisationism. By reviewing the institutional arrangements of construction land provision and the state rescaling process behind them, this article offers a nuanced perspective to the state (re)building that goes beyond the simplified (vertical or horizontal) transition of state functions.

Prologue to peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934–5

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (119) ◽  
pp. 420-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Free State ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Status ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
The Creation ◽  
International Peacekeeping

A list from September 1939 of files destroyed by the Department of External Affairs in the invasion scares of 1939–40 contains an intriguing reference to the possibility of dispatching Irish military forces to the Saarland on the Franco-German border in the winter of 1934–5. There they would serve as part of an international peacekeeping force while a plebiscite on the status of the territory was carried out under League of Nations auspices in January 1935. The context of this article is the events surrounding the creation of the peacekeeping force in December 1934.That the Irish Free State should be mentioned as a possible contributor to the international force for the Saar is an illustration of the emerging mediatory role the state was to adopt after its three-year term on the League Council concluded in September 1933. With an Irish diplomat, Sean Lester, seconded to League service as High Commissioner in Danzig from 1934, and with Irish-born Edward Phelan, Assistant Director of the International Labour Organisation, being mentioned as a possible contender for the League post of Deputy Secretary-General in 1933, and with Eamon de Valera rising in importance as an international statesman and League supporter, Ireland’s involvement in the Saar was both an illustration and a result of the state’s prominent position in the League in the early to mid-1930s.

Scribes, Cooks, and Artisans: Breaking Zhou Tradition

Early China ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 241-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bronze Vessels ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Eastern Zhou

Bronze Inscriptions of the Western Zhou period show how ritualists were once dedicated to maintaining the ritual apparatus supporting the divine authority of the royal Zhou lineage. Bronze and bamboo texts of the Eastern Zhou period reveal, on the other hand, that ritualists able to manipulate local rulers reliant on their knowledge subsequently subverted power into their own hands. Ritualists such as scribes, cooks, and artisans were involved in the transmission of Zhou “power” through the creation and use of inscribed bronze vessels during feasts. The expansion and bureaucratization of their roles in the Chu state provided economic and ultimately political control of the state. This was particularly the case as the Chu, like the Zhou before them, fled east to escape western invaders.

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