scholarly journals Geo-mechanics and Hydraulic Conductivity Study of Claystone in Boyolali, Central Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Wawan Budianta ◽  
Monika Aprianti Popang ◽  
Widyawanto Prastistho ◽  
Jiro Takemura
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Aggregate Breakdown ◽  
Slurry Sample ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Consolidation Phase ◽  
Plastic Phase ◽  
Materials Used

Claystone middle Miocene age were found in Wonosegoro sub-district, Boyolali region, Central Java, Indonesia. The purpose of the paper is to examine and discuss the geology and typical behavor of this claystone and its micro-level mechanism. The hydraulic conductivity was assessed using consilidated apparatuses; 150 mm diameter column mound using aggregated sample and 60 mm oedometer mould using slurry sample as a reference. Claystone materials used were treated under various conditions. In long term test under constand vertical stress and hydraulic gradient, the hydraulic conductvity decreases with time although the volume of void volume of the sample increased by swelling. Water contens of the individul aggregated increased by swelling, by which strength of particles decreases with and aggregate breakdown was enchanced. As a result, large void created by large particles could be redused in its size, leading the reduction of hydraulic conductuvity. The hydralic conductivities (K values) obtained from the aggregated sample varied in a broad range compared with those from slurry sample. In the test using the higher percentage of gravel-sized aggregate (up until couarse gravel-sized; retained in 26.5 mm sieve), K values changed from 10-5 to 10-7 m/s under vertical stresses from 5 up to 245 kPa. The test was repeated using smaller percentage of gravel-sized aggregate (up until fine gravel-sized, retained in 4.75 mm sieve) and the observed K values changed from 10-5 to 10-10 m/s. While the K values obtained in the specimen made from surry under same vertical stresses was 10-9 to 10-11 m/s. All of the extruded aggregate samples had higher water content than the initial ones, which suggest the alteration mechanism of soled consolidation phase to more deformable plastic phase, whice enables thesample to decrease the void size. These results conclude that using coarse gravel-sized aggregated, which is a reasonable scenario of a practically feasible aggregate size in a field, may noy produce the aimed hydraulic conductivity by the regulated standard. Therefore, breakdown of the aggrgate size and enchament of swelling are crucial factors for the application of the clay stones as a barrier material.

Effects of cattle treading on physical properties of three soils used for dairy farming in the Waikato, North Island, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Singleton ◽  
B. Addison
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Allophanic Soil

A study of the physical condition of 3 soils used for intensive dairy farming in the Waikato Region was undertaken. The study was to determine the existing physical condition of the soil, the possible long-term changes from pugging damage, and the most appropriate measurements and depth for monitoring change in soil physical properties under dairying. Four dairy farms were selected on each of 3 soils (an Allophanic Soil and 2 Gley Soils). On each farm, 3 sites that corresponded to never trodden, usual (‘average’ paddock and pasture condition for the farm), and previously pugged (pugged >18 months ago) pasture histories were sampled. Undisturbed soil cores were collected at 50-mm depth increments to 250 mm for determination of bulk density, total porosity, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, proportion of pores >30 and 60 µm, and aggregate size class. Results showed pugging was having a long-term effect on soil physical properties of all 3 soils, including the well-drained Allophanic Soil that rarely pugged. All measurements showed a decline in values for soil properties from never trodden to previously pugged. The greatest changes were in hydraulic conductivity, proportion of pores, and aggregate size (>60 and <20 mm). The most appropriate depth increment for measuring differences between treatments was found to be 50–100 mm. A comparison of previously pugged to never trodden at this depth showed that hydraulic conductivity had decreased by 80%, pore size by 46% (except for Allophanic Soil), and the proportion of aggregates >60 mm in diameter had increased at least 4-fold. Farming practices that minimise pugging damage, such as on/off grazing, need to be encouraged. It is possible that such programs may permit the soil to recover to a physical state similar to never trodden sites.

scholarly journals POPULATION DYNAMICS ON ONGOLE GRADE CATTLE IN KEBUMEN REGENCY - CENTRAL JAVA

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
J. Rohyan ◽  
S. Sutopo ◽  
E. Kurnianto
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Survey Respondent ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Potential Output ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
Materials Used

The objectiveof this study was to elucidatereproductive characteristics, potential output and dynamics population of Ongole Gradecattle in Kebumen Regency, Province of Central Java. The studywasconductedfromSeptemberto November 2015.The materials used in the study were165 farmers as respondentshavingOngole Gradecattle. The research method used was survey. Respondent samples were taken from five districts in which the location was determined by using purposive sampling. Data were collected through direct interviews with livestock farmers as respondents. The analysis used wasdescriptive analysis. The results showed that the age at first mating was 26.87 month, S/C was 1.64, post-partum mating was4.52 month, weaning age was 3.97 month, calving interval was 14.32 month, and the birth rate topopulation was45.5%. Reproductive efficiency value was 91.8%, natural increase was 44.68%, and net replacement rate of bull and heifer were 1,209% and 253%,respectively, andtotal output 44.11%. Population dynamics of Ongole Gradecattle from 2009 to 2014 fluctuated with average growthwas -4.84%. In 2019, cow population of Ongole Gradewasestimated about 68.381 heads. In conclusion Kebumen Regencyhasa relatively high potential output of Ongole Gradecattle thatis44.11% and population dynamics from 2010 to 2014 fluctuated with average of decrease growth is 4.84%. Estimation of cow’s population of Ongole Grade cattle willincrease 16.7% per year. 

scholarly journals Treated wastewater irrigation effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability of loamy soils in Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Schacht ◽  
Bernd Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Irrigation Effects ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for agricultural irrigation becomes increasingly important in water stressed regions like the Middle East for substituting fresh water (FW) resources. Due to elevated salt concentrations and organic compounds in TWW this practice has potential adverse effects on soil quality, such as the reduction of hydraulic conductivity (HC) and soil aggregate stability (SAS). To assess the impact of TWW irrigation in comparison to FW irrigation on HC, in-situ infiltration measurements using mini disk infiltrometer were deployed in four different long-term experimental orchard test sites in Israel. Topsoil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analyzing SAS and determination of selected soil chemical and physical characteristics. The mean HC values decreased at all TWW sites by 42.9% up to 50.8% compared to FW sites. The SAS was 11.3% to 32.4% lower at all TWW sites. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were generally higher at TWW sites. These results indicate the use of TWW for irrigation is a viable, but potentially deleterious option, as it influences soil physical and chemical properties.

scholarly journals Stabilization of soil hydraulic properties under a long term no-till system

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Alberto Lozano ◽  
Carlos Germán Soracco ◽  
Vicente S. Buda ◽  
Guillermo O. Sarli ◽  
Roberto Raúl Filgueira
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Crop Sequence

The area under the no-tillage system (NT) has been increasing over the last few years. Some authors indicate that stabilization of soil physical properties is reached after some years under NT while other authors debate this. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the last crop in the rotation sequence (1st year: maize, 2nd year: soybean, 3rd year: wheat/soybean) on soil pore configuration and hydraulic properties in two different soils (site 1: loam, site 2: sandy loam) from the Argentinean Pampas region under long-term NT treatments in order to determine if stabilization of soil physical properties is reached apart from a specific time in the crop sequence. In addition, we compared two procedures for evaluating water-conducting macroporosities, and evaluated the efficiency of the pedotransfer function ROSETTA in estimating the parameters of the van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) model in these soils. Soil pore configuration and hydraulic properties were not stable and changed according to the crop sequence and the last crop grown in both sites. For both sites, saturated hydraulic conductivity, K0, water-conducting macroporosity, εma, and flow-weighted mean pore radius, R0ma, increased from the 1st to the 2nd year of the crop sequence, and this was attributed to the creation of water-conducting macropores by the maize roots. The VGM model adequately described the water retention curve (WRC) for these soils, but not the hydraulic conductivity (K) vs tension (h) curve. The ROSETTA function failed in the estimation of these parameters. In summary, mean values of K0 ranged from 0.74 to 3.88 cm h-1. In studies on NT effects on soil physical properties, the crop effect must be considered.

The relationship between aggregation and other soil properties in cracking clay soils

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Coughlan ◽  
RJ Loch
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Coarse Surface ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dispersion Ratio

This paper explores the processes responsible for clay dispersion, and the formation of large dry aggregates, in cracking clay soils. It also isolates the soil factors causing variations in dry aggregate size using regression analysis. Twelve cracking clay soil samples were selected on visual differences in dry aggregate size distribution following seedbed preparation, and a range of soil structural and chemical properties were measured. The per cent dry aggregates > 5 mm was found to increase with resistance to mechanical abrasion, stability to wet sieving after capillary wetting, and dispersion ratio, indicating that large dry aggregates are formed as a result of binding by dispersed clay. Both raindrop impact and puddling by cultivation may be involved in dispersion. There was a strong relationship between dry aggregate size in the 0-10 cm layer and salt content in the subsurface (60-90 cm) layer. Coarse surface aggregation is explained in terms of limited profile hydraulic conductivity. For the soils studied, the properties of the surface layer appear to be responsible, at least in part, for the limitation in profile hydraulic conductivity. Dry aggregate size in the 0-10 cm layer was not simply correlated with any of the chemical properties of that layer. However, equations containing two (ESP and CEC per gram of clay) or three (ESP, per cent clay and CEC) independent variables were derived to explain variations in dry aggregate size, both for the 12 soils studied and for a wider range of Queensland cracking clay soils.

Soil aggregate size and long-term fertilization effects on the function and community of ammonia oxidizers

Geoderma ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 338 ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Pei Li ◽  
Yan-Lai Han ◽  
Ji-Zheng He ◽  
Shui-Qing Zhang ◽  
Li-Mei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Fertilization Effects

scholarly journals Spatial Redistributions of Regional Economic Activity in Central Java (Direct Error Correction Model Causality Approach)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jihad Lukis Panjawa ◽  
Bhimo Rizky Samudro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Error Correction Model ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Observation Period

This study analyzes spatial inequality through a causal relationship between inequality and economic growth within-recidency, between-recidency and overall in Central Java.The analytical tool used is the Direct Error Correction Model causality. This study shows that spatial concentrations throughout the observation period are quite high. In the 2001-2008 period there was an increasing tendency for spatialconcentration, reflecting the decline in the distribution of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) share of districts and cities in Central Java. We also obtained similar findings in a number of regions both within and between-recidency. Post-2008, spatial concentration tends to decrease, indicating the distribution of the Gross Regional Domestic Product share. Other findings indicate a one-way relationship shown economic growth towards inequality. Another important contribution is that economic growth in inequality only occurs in the long term. Thus there has been convergence because of the increase ineconomic growth which is able to reduce inequality in all areas of Central Java, including within and between-recidency. This proves that during the implementation of regional autonomy there is a spread effect greater than the backwash effect in Central Java, including within and between-recidency.

scholarly journals Analysis of requirements for modern finishing materials in interior solutions for inpatient facility ward units

2021 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Alevtina Balakina ◽  
Yury Lempl
Keyword(s):  
Practical Experience ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Inpatient Facility ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Capital Construction

This article is devoted to the detailed analysis of modern requirements for finishing materials, used in the interiors of inpatient facility ward units. The authors have studied a number of regulatory normative documents acting in the territory of the Russian Federation and analyzed the practical experience of interior decoration of ward units at the health care capital construction facilities. The authors highlight and describe the main requirements for the finishing materials for the inpatient facility ward units and point out the peculiarities of solutions in the interiors. A classification of modern finishing materials (with an indication of their technical characteristics) used in the decoration of interiors of long-term care units is made on the basis of the practical experience studied by the authors taking into account the functional purpose of the premises as well as the variants of visual design of interiors of inpatient facility ward units.

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