scholarly journals Potensi Polisakarida dari Limbah Buah-buahan sebagai Koagulan Alami dalam Pengolahan Air dan Limbah Cair: Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Hans Kristianto ◽  
Angelica Jennifer ◽  
Asaf Kleopas Sugih ◽  
Susiana Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Natural Coagulant ◽  
Biobased Materials ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Fruit Waste ◽  
Natural Coagulants ◽  
Food Reserves

Nowadays, various studies related to utilization of biobased materials as natural coagulants have been explored. Based on the source, natural coagulants can be classified as animal, vegetable, or microbial based. Furthermore, based on the active ingredients, it can be classified as protein, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are abundant natural ingredients and are often found in plants or animals. In this study, we focused on polysaccharides, especially those from fruit waste, such as seeds and fruit peels. It is known that around 25-30% of the total weight of fruit is generally wasted, even though it contains phytochemicals and various active ingredients that can be utilized, especially as a natural coagulant. This review will focus on the use of pectin and starch from fruit waste as natural coagulants for water- wastewater treatment. Generally, pectin is commonly found in the skin of fruits as part of the cell wall structure, while starch is found in fruit seeds as food reserves. To be used as a natural coagulant, pectin or starch need to be extracted first. In particular, starch needs to be modified either physically or chemically. The coagulation mechanism of pectin and starch usually follows the interparticle bridging mechanism. The use of pectin and starch from fruit waste needs to be explored and further investigated, to substitute the use of chemical coagulants.Keywords: coagulation; fruit waste; natural coagulant; polysaccharidesA B S T R A KDewasa ini berbagai studi terkait pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai koagulan alami telah banyak dieksplorasi. Berdasarkan sumbernya, koagulan alami dapat digolongkan berbasis hewani, nabati, maupun mikrobial, sementara berdasarkan bahan aktifnya dapat digolongkan sebagai protein, polifenol, dan polisakarida. Polisakarida merupakan bahan alam yang berlimpah dan seringkali dijumpai pada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan. Pada kajian ini difokuskan pada polisakarida terutama yang berasal dari limbah buah-buahan yang tidak termanfaatkan, seperti biji dan kulit buah. Diketahui sekitar 25-30% dari total berat buah pada umumnya terbuang, padahal memiliki kandungan fitokimia dan berbagai bahan aktif yang dapat dimanfaatkan, salah satunya sebagai koagulan alami. Pada tinjauan ini akan difokuskan pada pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan sebagai koagulan alami untuk pengolahan air dan limbah cair. Secara umum pektin umum dijumpai pada bagian kulit buah-buahan sebagai bagian dari struktur dinding sel, sementara pati umum dijumpai pada biji buah-buahan sebagai cadangan makanan. Untuk dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai koagulan alami, pektin ataupun pati perlu diekstrak terlebih dahulu, dan pati secara khusus perlu dimodifikasi baik secara fisika maupun kimia. Secara umum mekanisme koagulasi oleh pektin dan pati mengikuti mekanisme interparticle bridging. Pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan perlu dieksplorasi dan diteliti lebih lanjut, agar dapat mensubstitusi penggunaan koagulan kimia secara komersial.Kata kunci: koagulasi; koagulan alami; limbah buah-buahan; polisakarida

Bacterial Peptidoglycan Stapling with Functionalized D-Amino Acids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia L. Rivera ◽  
Akbar Espaillat ◽  
Arjun K. Aditham ◽  
Peyton Shieh ◽  
Chris Muriel-Mundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Amino Acid Derivative ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Bacterial Peptidoglycan

Transpeptidation reinforces the structure of cell wall peptidoglycan, an extracellular heteropolymer that protects bacteria from osmotic lysis. The clinical success of transpeptidase-inhibiting β-lactam antibiotics illustrates the essentiality of these cross-linkages for cell wall integrity, but the presence of multiple, seemingly redundant transpeptidases in many bacterial species makes it challenging to determine cross-link function precisely. Here we present a technique to covalently link peptide strands by chemical rather than enzymatic reaction. We employ bio-compatible click chemistry to induce triazole formation between azido- and alkynyl-D-alanine residues that are metabolically installed in the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Synthetic triazole cross-links can be visualized by substituting azido-D-alanine with azidocoumarin-D-alanine, an amino acid derivative that undergoes fluorescent enhancement upon reaction with terminal alkynes. Cell wall stapling protects the model bacterium Escherichia coli from β-lactam treatment. Chemical control of cell wall structure in live bacteria can provide functional insights that are orthogonal to those obtained by genetics.<br>

Recent Developments in the Downstream Processing of Phycobiliproteins from Algae: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayekpam Chandralekha Devi ◽  
G. K. Hamsavi ◽  
Simran Sahota ◽  
Rochak Mittal ◽  
Hrishikesh A. Tavanandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cell Wall Disruption ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Macro Algae

Abstract: Algae (both micro and macro) have gained huge attention in the recent past for their high commercial value products. They are the source of various biomolecules of commercial applications ranging from nutraceuticals to fuels. Phycobiliproteins are one such high value low volume compounds which are mainly obtained from micro and macro algae. In order to tap the bioresource, a significant amount of work has been carried out for large scale production of algal biomass. However, work on downstream processing aspects of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) from algae is scarce, especially in case of macroalgae. There are several difficulties in cell wall disruption of both micro and macro algae because of their cell wall structure and compositions. At the same time, there are several challenges in the purification of phycobiliproteins. The current review article focuses on the recent developments in downstream processing of phycobiliproteins (mainly phycocyanins and phycoerythrins) from micro and macroalgae. The current status, the recent advancements and potential technologies (that are under development) are summarised in this review article besides providing future directions for the present research area.

Ultrasound Assisted Solid-Liquid Extraction Devices - Harnessing Active Ingredients from Plant materials – Overview and Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Solid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Solid Liquid

Background: In the growing environmental concern use of natural products, efficient processes and devices are necessary. Solid-Liquid extraction of active Ingredients from Plant materials is one of the important unit operations in Chemical Engineering and need to be enhanced. Objectives: Since, these active ingredients are firmly bound to the plant cell wall membrane, which pose mass-transfer resistance and need to get detached through the use of suitable process intensification tools such as ultrasound and suitable devices. Therefore, detailed analysis and review is essential on development made in this area through Publications and Patents. Hence, the present paper illustrates the development of ultrasound assisted device for solid-liquid extraction are presented in this paper. Methods: Advantages such as % Yield, Reduction in extraction time, use of ambient conditions, better process control, avoidance or minimizing multi stage extraction could be achieved due to the use of ultrasound in extraction as compared to conventional processes. Conclusions: Use of ultrasound to provide significant improvements in the extraction of Vegetable tannins, Natural dyes for application in Leather processing has been demonstrated and reported earlier. These enhancement could be possible through various effects of ultrasound such as better flow of solvents through micro-jet formation, mass transfer enhancement due to rupture of plant cell wall membranes through acoustic cavitation, better leaching due to micro-mixing and acoustic streaming effects. This approach would minimize material wastage; thereby, leading to eco-conservation of plant materials, which is very much essential for better environment. Hence, various methods and design for application of ultrasound assisted solid-liquid extractor device are necessary.

scholarly journals A Metzincin and TIMP-Like Protein Pair of a Phage Origin Sensitize Listeria monocytogenes to Phage Lysins and Other Cell Wall Targeting Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Etai Boichis ◽  
Nadejda Sigal ◽  
Ilya Borovok ◽  
Anat A. Herskovits
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Protein Pair ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Virion Release ◽  
Genes Encoding

Infection of mammalian cells by Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) was shown to be facilitated by its phage elements. In a search for additional phage remnants that play a role in Lm’s lifecycle, we identified a conserved locus containing two XRE regulators and a pair of genes encoding a secreted metzincin protease and a lipoprotein structurally similar to a TIMP-family metzincin inhibitor. We found that the XRE regulators act as a classic CI/Cro regulatory switch that regulates the expression of the metzincin and TIMP-like genes under intracellular growth conditions. We established that when these genes are expressed, their products alter Lm morphology and increase its sensitivity to phage mediated lysis, thereby enhancing virion release. Expression of these proteins also sensitized the bacteria to cell wall targeting compounds, implying that they modulate the cell wall structure. Our data indicate that these effects are mediated by the cleavage of the TIMP-like protein by the metzincin, and its subsequent release to the extracellular milieu. While the importance of this locus to Lm pathogenicity remains unclear, the observation that this phage-associated protein pair act upon the bacterial cell wall may hold promise in the field of antibiotic potentiation to combat antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens.

Saline oily wastewater treatment using Lallemantia mucilage as a natural coagulant: Kinetic study, process optimization, and modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 113326
Author(s):  
Moein Besharati Fard ◽  
Donya Hamidi ◽  
Javad Alavi ◽  
Reza Jamshidian ◽  
Alireza Pendashteh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Process Optimization ◽  
Oily Wastewater ◽  
Natural Coagulant ◽  
Study Process ◽  
Oily Wastewater Treatment

Coagulation of organic pollutants by Moringa oleifera protein molecules: In silico approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Teniola Adeleke ◽  
Adebayo A Adeniyi ◽  
David Lokhat
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Protein Extract ◽  
Natural Coagulant ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Protein Molecules

Availability of clean water for various activities is a global challenge. Moringa oleifera (MO) seed protein extract has been identified as a natural coagulant for wastewater treatment. The mechanistic understanding...

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