MAJOR BIOACTIVE TRITERPENOIDS FROM GANODERMA SPECIES AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY: A REVIEW

Ganoderma a traditional Chinese medicine popularly used for complementary cancer therapy and longevity for centuries. The vast amount of study has been performed on the medicinal properties of Ganoderma lucidum. G. lucidum contains various compounds with a high grade of biological activity, which increase the immunity. Several of these substances belong to the triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Proteins, sterols, phenols, lipids, etc., are also present. Ganoderma triterpenes are important secondary metabolites of G. lucidum. Ganoderma triterpenes are limestone-tetracyclic terpenes which have been reported to possess antioxidant, antitumor, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, anticancer, anti-inflammation, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. This review deals with most important triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma and their therapeutic effects.

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Effect of traditional Chinese medicine for treating human immunodeficiency virus infections and acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Boosting immune and alleviating symptoms

Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1007/s11655-015-2122-5 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wen Zou ◽

Jian Wang ◽

Ying Liu

Keyword(s):

Immune Deficiency ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Chinese Medicine ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Acquired Immune Deficiency

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Interleukin-6 production in high-grade B lymphomas: correlation with the presence of malignant immunoblasts in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patients

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v80.2.498.bloodjournal802498 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 498-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D Emilie ◽

J Coumbaras ◽

M Raphael ◽

O Devergne ◽

HJ Delecluse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Interleukin 6 ◽

Large Cell ◽

Malignant Cell ◽

High Grade ◽

Follicular Hyperplasia ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hodgkin's Lymphomas

The mechanisms leading to malignant cell proliferation may differ between the different histologic forms of high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. To analyze the potential role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a growth factor for lymphomatous cells in these different forms, the in situ production of this cytokine was analyzed in lymphomatous samples taken from 24 patients, 18 of whom were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected. Eleven Burkitt's lymphomas (BLs), seven diffuse large- cell lymphomas, and six immunoblastic lymphomas were studied. In situ hybridization experiments showed that the IL-6 gene was expressed in all tissues. The number of IL-6 gene-expressing cells was 7 times higher in the non-BLs than in the BLs, and it was 17 times higher than that of 14 control lymph nodes displaying a benign follicular hyperplasia. Analysis of individual cases indicated that the level of IL-6 gene expression was strongly correlated with the presence of immunoblasts within the malignant clone. In contrast, this level was not correlated with the presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome in the lymphoma or with the HIV status of patients. Immunohistochemical studies with an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody showed that IL-6 was produced in non-BLs, but not in BLs. In the former, IL-6 mainly originated from reactive, nonmalignant cells. Immunohistochemical analyses of non-BLs also showed that malignant cells produced the 80-Kd chain of the IL-6 receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-6 may act as a growth factor in some forms of high-grade B lymphomas. The presence of immunoblasts may be an indicator of such forms.

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Residual or Recurrent Precancerous Lesions After Treatment of Cervical Lesions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Treatment Failure

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciy1123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (9) ◽

pp. 1555-1565 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Pierre Debeaudrap ◽

Joelle Sobngwi ◽

Pierre-Marie Tebeu ◽

Gary M Clifford

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Treatment Failure ◽

Post Treatment ◽

High Grade ◽

Cervical Lesions ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background Screening and treating premalignant cervical lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ [CIN2+]) is an effective way to prevent cervical cancer, and recommendations exist for the monitoring of treatment success. Yet, there is no specific recommendation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women, who are at a known, increased risk of cervical cancer. Methods A systematic review was performed by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published from January 1980 through May 2018. Eligible studies described the prevalence of histologically- and/or cytologically-defined lesions in HIV-infected women at least 6 months post-treatment. The primary endpoint was treatment failure, defined as the presence of residual and/or recurrent high-grade CIN2+/high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions post-treatment. The pooled prevalence in HIV-infected women and the odds ratios (ORs) for HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected women were estimated using random-effects models. Results Among 40 eligible studies, the pooled prevalence of treatment failure in HIV-infected women was 21.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.8–27.0). There was no significant difference in the treatment failure prevalence for cryotherapy (13.9%, 95% CI 6.1–21.6) versus loop electrosurgical excision procedure (13.8%, 95% CI 8.9–18.7; P = .9), but the treatment failure prevalence was significantly higher in women with positive (47.2%, 95% CI 22.0–74.0) than with negative (19.4%, 95% CI 11.8–30.2) excision margin (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5–7.7). Treatment failure was significantly increased in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected women, both overall (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.0–3.5) and in all sub-group analyses. Conclusions There is strong evidence for an increased risk of treatment failure in HIV-infected women, in comparison to their HIV-negative counterparts. The only significant predictor of treatment failure in HIV-infected women was a positive margin status, but further data is needed on long-term outcomes after ablative treatment in HIV-infected women.

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Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Prior to Loop Electroexcision Procedure Does Not Prevent Recurrent Cervical High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa1456 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia Firnhaber ◽

Avril Swarts ◽

Vuyokazi Jezile ◽

Masango Mulongo ◽

Bridgette Goeieman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Hpv Vaccination ◽

High Grade ◽

Double Blind ◽

Women Living With Hiv ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Intraepithelial Lesions

Abstract Background Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in sub-Saharan Africa, are at high risk for cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and cervical cancer. These women have high HSIL recurrence rates after loop electroexcision procedure (LEEP). Retrospective studies suggest that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination improves response to treatment of cervical HSIL. Methods We performed a double-blind, randomized clinical trial enrolling 180 women living with HIV in Johannesburg, South Africa, diagnosed with cervical HSIL by colposcopic biopsy. Women received quadrivalent HPV vaccine or placebo (1:1) at entry, week 4, and week 26. LEEP was performed at week 4. Colposcopic-directed biopsies and cervical cytology were performed at weeks 26 and 52. The primary endpoint, cervical HSIL by histology or cytology at either week 26 or 52, was compared between arms using χ 2 analysis. Results Participant characteristics included median age of 39 years and median CD4 count 489 cells/μL, and 94% had HIV suppression. One hundred seventy-four women completed the vaccine/placebo series and had evaluable results at week 26 or 52. The proportion experiencing the primary endpoint was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups (53% vs 45%; relative risk, 1.18 [95% confidence interval, .87–1.6]; P = .29). HSIL recurrence was associated with a LEEP biopsy result of HSIL and detection of HSIL at the margins of the LEEP sample. Conclusions This study did not support HPV vaccination to prevent recurrent HSIL after LEEP in women living with HIV. Recurrent HSIL was high despite virologic suppression. Improved treatments are needed for HSIL to reduce the burden of cervical cancer among women living with HIV.

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Pilot Study of Markers for High-grade Anal Dysplasia in a Southern Cohort From the Women’s Interagency Human Immunodeficiency Virus Study

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1121-1128

Author(s):

Cecile D Lahiri ◽

Minh Ly Nguyen ◽

C Christina Mehta ◽

Marina Mosunjac ◽

Talaat Tadros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Anal Cancer ◽

Undetectable Viral Load ◽

Promoter Hypermethylation ◽

Study Cohort ◽

High Grade ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Anal Cytology ◽

Hiv Negative

Abstract Background Anal cancer rates have increased, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected (HIV+) women. We assessed factors associated with anal precancer in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women from the Atlanta Women’s Interagency HIV Study cohort. Methods All participants underwent high-resolution anoscopy and anal cytology and had anal and cervical samples collected. Specimens were tested for 37 human papillomavirus (HPV) types and for FAM19A4 and microRNA124-2 promoter methylation. Binary logistic regression and multivariate analysis were conducted with histologic anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (A-HSIL) as the dependent variable. Results Seventy-five women were enrolled: 52 (69%) were HIV+ with three-fourths having undetectable viral load; 64 (86%) were black; mean age was 49 ± 8 years. Forty-nine (65%) anal cytology samples were abnormal, and 38 (51%) of anal samples were positive for at least 1 of 13 high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types. Thirteen (18%) anal biopsies identified A-HSIL. Hypermethylation of FAM19A4 and/or microRNA124-2 was found in 69 (95%) anal samples and 19 (26%) cervical samples. In multivariate analyses, the odds of having A-HSIL were >6 times higher in women with anal hrHPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.08 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.27–29.18], P = .02) and with positive cervical methylation (aOR, 6.49 [95% CI, 1.66–25.35], P = .007), but not significantly higher in women with positive anal methylation. Conclusions Anal hrHPV and promoter hypermethylation in the cervix show promise as biomarkers for anal cancer screening in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women. Greater understanding of gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation in anal carcinogenesis is needed.

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Infection With Chlamydia trachomatis Increases the Risk of High-grade Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz606 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (10) ◽

pp. 2161-2167 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mar Masiá ◽

Marta Fernández-González ◽

José A García ◽

Sergio Padilla ◽

Elena García-Payá ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

High Grade ◽

Chain Reactions ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hpv Genotypes

Abstract Background We aimed to assess the relationship between sexually transmitted infections (STIs)—including a large panel of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes—and high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) in men who have sex with men (MSM) who were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods In a prospective study in an HIV cohort, participants underwent high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) for anorectal swabs collection to investigate STIs and for anal biopsy. Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reactions were performed, detecting several STIs and 28 HPV genotypes. Univariate and multivariate generalized linear models were used to analyze the relationships of variables of interest with HGAIN. Results There were 145 participants included; in 49, 2 HRAs were performed. Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) was detected in 25 (17.2%) participants, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in 13 (9.0%), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) in 4 (2.8%), HPV16 in 38 (26.2%), HPV52 in 29 (20%), and HPV53 and HPV42 in 28 (19.3%) participants each. There were 35 (24.1%) subjects diagnosed with HGAIN. In the univariate analysis, HGAIN was associated with CT, UU, MG, HPV16, HPV53, HPV68, and HPV70, and significant interactions were found between CT and HPV16 (odds ratio [OR] 31.0 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.3–221.7) and between UU and HPV16 (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.1–37.5). In the adjusted model, CT, HPV16, HPV53, HPV70, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the interaction between CT and HPV16 remained independent predictors of HGAIN. HPV16, HPV53, and HPV70 persisted in the second HRA in all the participants with recurrent HGAIN. Conclusions Coinfection with CT may potentiate the oncogenic capability of HPV16 and increase the risk of HGAIN in people with HIV. HPV53 and HPV70 should be considered among the genotypes associated with HGAIN.

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