scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF HERBAL MEDICINE IN ASIA FOR ORAL CANDIDIASIS THERAPY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
ANI MEGAWATI ◽  
INDAH SUASANI WAHYUNI
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration

The objective of this review was to provide antifungal recommendations for Oral Candidiasis (OC) derived from herbal medicine based on the research results of the last 5 y. This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using the PubMed and Science Direct databases with studies published between 2016 and 2021. The review was conducted on 13 studies, in vitro and clinical trial. A total of 41 species of plants have studied its antifungal effects on Candida albicans. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) varied in the range of 0.098 µl/ml to 125 µl/ml for different types of plants and Candida samples, while the mean inhibition zone (ZOI) was 11 mm. The most recommended herbal medicine for the development of antifungal drugs for oral candidiasis therapy were Nigella sativa, Lawsonia inermis, and Zingiber officinale.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Crotoxin as an Antiseptic against Candida spp. Biofilms

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 532
Author(s):  
Amanda Pissinatti Canelli ◽  
Taís Fernanda dos Santos Rodrigues ◽  
Vivian Fernandes Furletti de Goes ◽  
Guilherme Ferreira Caetano ◽  
Maurício Ventura Mazzi
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

The growing number of oral infections caused by the Candida species are becoming harder to treat as the commonly used antibiotics become less effective. This drawback has led to the search for alternative strategies of treatment, which include the use of antifungal molecules derived from natural products. Herein, crotoxin (CTX), the main toxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, was challenged against Candida tropicalis (CBS94) and Candida dubliniensis (CBS7987) strains by in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and inhibition of biofilm formation were evaluated after CTX treatment. In addition, CTX-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells was assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay. Native CTX showed a higher antimicrobial activity (MIC = 47 μg/mL) when compared to CTX-containing mouthwash (MIC = 750 μg/mL) and nystatin (MIC = 375 μg/mL). Candida spp biofilm formation was more sensitive to both CTX and CTX-containing mouthwash (IC100 = 12 μg/mL) when compared to nystatin (IC100 > 47 μg/mL). Moreover, significant membrane permeabilization at concentrations of 1.5 and 47 µg/mL was observed. Native CTX was less cytotoxic to HaCaT cells than CTX-containing mouthwash or nystatin between 24 and 48 h. These preliminary findings highlight the potential use of CTX in the treatment of oral candidiasis caused by resistant strains.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and In-vitro antioxidant activity of polyherbal formulation of medicinal plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (06) ◽  
pp. 170-179
Author(s):  
Dr. Dhana Rangesh Kumar V ◽  
◽  
M. Sharu latha ◽  
Benitta Soosan Thomas ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Polyherbal Formulation

Herbal plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of different types of medicines. Thus, proper scientific evidence or assessment has become the criteria for the acceptance of herbal health claims. Plants-based antioxidants are now preferred to synthetic ones because of safety concerns. There is an increasing interest in natural antioxidants e.g. Polyphenols, present in medicinal and dietary plants, which might help prevent oxidative damage. Natural antioxidant increases the antioxidant capacity of plasma and reduces the risk of disease. As such developing a polyhedral formulation will definitely produce a synergistic effect as needed comparable to standard drugs that are available in the market all over the world. The polyherbal formulation, which has a combination of medicinal herbs such as Zingiber officinale (sukku), Nigella sativa (karunjeeragam), Plectranthus amboinicus (karpooravalli), Pipeer cubeba (Vaal melagu), Trigonella foenum graecum (venthayam) powder was tested for its an antioxidant activity phenolic and alkaloid contents in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the In-vitro antioxidant phenolic and alkaloid content of polyherbal formulation and its application for treating life-threatening diseases such as cancer, cardiac disease, and diabetes mellitus. In this paper, we report the result of such studies in order to orient future investigations towards the finding of new, potent safe, and easily available food antioxidants.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Beluntas “Indian Camphorweed” (Pluchea indica) Ethanol Extract on Candida albicans In Vitro Using Different Solvent Concentrations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayan Larissa Demolsky ◽  
Vinna Kurniawati Sugiaman ◽  
Natallia Pranata
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objective Oral candidiasis is an infection caused by pathogenic fungi Candida albicans, with a considerably high prevalence of 20 to 72%. Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica) also known as “beluntas” as the local name has been known as a traditional medicine in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to research the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of beluntas ethanolic extract against the growth of C. albicans. Materials and Methods The MIC and MFC were measured by microdilution assay and total plate count respectively with a variation of solvents (DMSO 1%, 10%, and 4%) and beluntas extract with concentrations between 0.3125 and 200 mg/mL. Amphotericin and nystatin were used as a comparison. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance and posthoc Tukey test were used to determine the significant difference between treatments. Results It was found that the MIC ranged from 50 to 200 mg/mL in the test with DMSO 10% solvent and MFC was found to be at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. However, there is a significant inhibitory effect and killing effect from DMSO 10% against C. albicans (p = 0.000). MIC was also found within concentrations of 100 mg/mL of beluntas extract in DMSO 4%. In this study, the DMSO 4% concentration neither showed significant inhibitory effects nor killing effects; therefore, the result was acceptable (p = 0.357). Conclusion Ethanol extract of beluntas (P. Indica) has the potential of being an antifungal agent with inhibitory activity in concentrations ≥100 mg/mL, which is similar to nystatin (p = 0.278). The MFC for the extract was above 100 mg/mL, which cannot be measured with this method as a higher concentration of DMSO is needed, which had a toxic effect on the tested fungi.

scholarly journals Anti-adherence and Anti-fungal Abilities of Thymol and Carvacrol Against Candida Species Isolated From Patients with Oral Candidiasis in Comparison with Fluconazole and Voriconazole

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aghil Sharifzadeh ◽  
Hojjatollah Shokri ◽  
Farzad Katiraee
Keyword(s):  
Candida Species ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anti Fungal

Background: Natural isopropyl cresols, such as thymol and carvacrol, have been known to have antifungal activities. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the anti-adherence and antifungal activities of thymol, carvacrol, fluconazole, and voriconazole against oral isolates of Candida albicans (C. albicans), C. glabrata, and C. krusei. Methods: The susceptibility assay for the test compounds was performed using the disk diffusion method against all Candida isolates. Also, anti-adherence activity was examined using a rapid and highly reproducible 96 well microtiter-based method. Results: Both natural phenols and antifungal drugs revealed various efficacies against studied Candida species. The susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole were 100% for C. albicans, 50% and 90% for C. glabrata, and 0% and 100% for C. krusei isolates, respectively. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone was greater for thymol than carvacrol in C. albicans (19.89 ± 0.80 mm versus 17.05 ± 0.61 mm), C. glabrata (18.87 ± 0.71 mm versus 15.77 ± 0.57 mm), and C. krusei (15.11 ± 0.91 mm versus 13.91 ± 1.04 mm) isolates tested. Thymol showed more effective inhibition on adherence of all Candida species than other treatments. The mean relative adherence ratios for C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei were 0.50, 0.60, and 0.64, respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrated significant inhibitory properties of thymol and carvacrol on the adherence and growth of azole susceptible- and -resistant Candida isolates. Also, thymol was more effective for preventing the adherence of yeast cells to polystyrene in comparison to carvacrol.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Potency and Bioactive Ingredients of Different Extracts of Prosopis africana against Some Selected Human Pathogenic Microbes: An In-vitro Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
A. R. Abdulmumin ◽  
Z. J. Kassim ◽  
I. L. Muhammad ◽  
S. B. Mohammed ◽  
Y. Ya’aba
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Prosopis Africana ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Antimicrobial Potency

Background: The resistance to conventional drugs by microbes is at alarming rate and poses extra challenges in the field of medical and pharmaceutical industries. This study was aimed to determine the active ingredients and assess the antimicrobial potency of Prosopis africana leave extract using system of different solvents as aqueous, ethylacetate and n-hexane. Methodology: The plant specimen was collected, identified, prepared and cold macerated using aqueous, ethylacetate and n-hexane as solvent.  The resulted crude extracts were further assayed for anti-infective potency; adopting agar well diffusion protocol against some selected human pathogenic isolates viz Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were ascertained using the standard protocol of microdilution assay. Results: The antimicrobial screening of the crude extracts showcased that P. africana leave is susceptible against all the tested microbial stains by exhibiting significant degrees of inhibition zone of diameter (0 to 25 mm). The positive controls likewise were observed to be vulnerable to the tested isolates while P. aeruginosa was resistant. The MIC was observed at 50.0 to 12.5 mg/mL and MBC at 50.0 mg/mL against some bacteria strains. P. aeruginosa and C. albicans has no bactericidal and fungicidal properties. The phytochemical analysis led to the isolation of anthraquinones, carbohydrates, saponins, terpenes, steroids and cardiac glycosides as the active constituents of the plant part. Conclusion: This finding provides a logical justification to the traditional healers for the utilization of the plant in the management of different ailments caused by the tested microbes.

scholarly journals Antifungal and immunomodulatory activity of Allium jesdianum Boiss extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Alireza Naeini ◽  
Roya Yaraee ◽  
Hojjatollah Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
No Production ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Macrophage Viability

Introduction: Macrophages are one of the key phagocytes against various pathogenic fungi, particularly Candida species killed by various mechanisms such as nitric oxide (NO) agents. The purposes of this research were to investigate the anti-Candida and immunomodulatory effects of the extracts from Allium jesdianum on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Methods: The antifungal assay of amphotericin B and nystatin, as well as hydroalcoholic extract from A. jesdianum was carried out using disk diffusion and broth macrodilution methods against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Furthermore, microculture tetrazolium (MTT) and nitrite assays (Griess test) were applied to study the influence of the aqueous extract from A. jesdianum on macrophage viability indices and NO production, respectively. Results: The results showed inhibition zone values of 8, 16, 28 mm for A. jesdianum, amphotericin B and nystatin against the organism tested, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of A. jesdianum were found to be 330 and 663 μg/mL, respectively. Aqueous extract of A. jesdianum induced a significant decrease (2.8-fold at a concentration of 5 mg/mL and 4.3-fold at concentration of 10 mg/mL) in macrophage viability indices in comparison with the control group (P < 0.001) but there was no toxic effect at 1 and 0.5 mg/mL. In addition, the aqueous extract of A. jesdianum resulted in a significant increase in NO production at non-toxic concentrations (77.6 μM nitrite at concentration of 1 mg/mL and 79.4 μM at concentration of 0.5 mg/mL) by macrophages (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The extract of A. jesdianum showed an in vitro anti-C. albicans and NO stimulatory effect. More studies with purified immunomodulatory components of A. jesdianum should be performed in future to shed light on the exact mechanisms of this activity.

scholarly journals Antifungal drug susceptibilities of oral Candida dubliniensis isolates from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected subjects and generation of stable fluconazole-resistant derivatives in vitro.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
G P Moran ◽  
D J Sullivan ◽  
M C Henman ◽  
C E McCreary ◽  
B J Harrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Candida Dubliniensis ◽  
Fluconazole Resistance ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Fluconazole Resistant ◽  
Hiv Negative

Candida dubliniensis is a recently described species of Candida associated with oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Nineteen oral isolates of C. dubliniensis recovered from 10 HIV-positive and 4 HIV-negative individuals and one vaginal isolate from an additional HIV-negative subject were assessed for fluconazole susceptibility by broth microdilution (BMD), hyphal elongation assessment, and Etest. The susceptibilities of these 20 isolates to itraconazole and amphotericin B and of 10 isolates to ketoconazole were also determined by BMD only. Sixteen of the C. dubliniensis isolates were susceptible to fluconazole (MIC range, 0.125 to 1.0 microgram ml-1), and four (recovered from two AIDS patients) were fluconazole resistant (MIC range, 8 to 32 micrograms ml-1). Fluconazole susceptibility data obtained by hyphal elongation assessment correlated well with results obtained by BMD, but the corresponding Etest MIC results were one to four times higher. All of the isolates tested were found to be sensitive to itraconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B. Sequential exposure of two fluconazole-sensitive (MIC, 0.5 microgram ml-1) C. dubliniensis isolates to increasing concentrations of fluconazole in agar medium resulted in the recovery of derivatives which expressed a stable fluconazole-resistant phenotype (BMD-determined MIC range, 16 to 64 micrograms ml-1), even after a minimum of 10 consecutive subcultures on drug-free medium and following prolonged storage at -70 degrees C. The clonal relationship between the parental isolates and their respective fluconazole-resistant derivatives was confirmed by genomic DNA fingerprinting and karyotype analysis. The results of this study demonstrate that C. dubliniensis is inherently susceptible to commonly used antifungal drugs, that fluconazole resistance does occur in clinical isolates, and that stable fluconazole resistance can be readily induced in vitro following exposure to the drug.

scholarly journals Novel Hit Compounds as Putative Antifungals: The Case of Aspergillus fumigatus

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eftichia Kritsi ◽  
Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas ◽  
Constantinos Potamitis ◽  
Anastasia Detsi ◽  
Marija Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pharmacophore Model ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

The prevalence of invasive fungal infections has been dramatically increased as the size of the immunocompromised population worldwide has grown. Aspergillus fumigatus is characterized as one of the most widespread and ubiquitous fungal pathogens. Among antifungal drugs, azoles have been the most widely used category for the treatment of fungal infections. However, increasingly, azole-resistant strains constitute a major problem to be faced. Towards this direction, our study focused on the identification of compounds bearing novel structural motifs which may evolve as a new class of antifungals. To fulfil this scope, a combination of in silico techniques and in vitro assays were implemented. Specifically, a ligand-based pharmacophore model was created and served as a 3D search query to screen the ZINC chemical database. Additionally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to improve the reliability and accuracy of virtual screening results. In total, eight compounds, bearing completely different chemical scaffolds from the commercially available azoles, were proposed and their antifungal activity was evaluated using in vitro assays. Results indicated that all tested compounds exhibit antifungal activity, especially compounds 1, 2, and 4, which presented the most promising minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values and, therefore, could be subjected to further hit to lead optimization.

scholarly journals Antifungal activity of Piper cubeba L. extract on spoilage fungi isolated from tomato, grapes and lemon

Food Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Fazly-Ann Z. ◽  
Nor-Hafizah M.Y. ◽  
Yaya Rukayadi
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Trametes Hirsuta ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Spoilage Fungi

The berries of Piper cubeba L. or commonly recognized as tailed pepper are traditionally used as flavoring ingredients in various types of food. It has been reported with abundant of phytochemical compounds that contribute to its nutritional and medicinal properties. The antimicrobial effect of the spice including antifungal activity was believed to reduce the potential of fungal spoilage thus minimizing food losses and wastage. This study was aimed to determine the antifungal activity of P. cubeba L. extract against isolated spoilage fungi namely Geotricum candidum (TMa 001), Penicillium citrinum (GRd 001) and Trametes hirsuta (LMd 001) by in vitro and in vivo techniques. Disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) test of the methanolic extract were performed on the selected fungi. The largest inhibition zone, fungistatic and fungicidal effects were detected in T. hirsuta with 18.30±3.00 mm, 0.039 mg/mL and 0.078 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibition of conidial germination assay was performed at 0 × MIC, 0.5 × MIC, 1 × MIC, 2 × MIC, and 4 × MIC, and the result showed G. candidum were completely inhibited at 4 × MIC. The ideal concentration of P. cubeba L. extract on different selected food commodities were 0.50% against G. candidium in tomato, 0.50% to 5.00% against P. citrinum in grapes, and 5.00% against T. hirsuta in lemon. The findings implied that P. cubeba L. extract can be listed as one of the natural antifungal agents in food. The availability of various types of natural antifungal agents will help in reducing the usage of chemical fungicide, which may lead to adverse and deteriorating health effects in the events of prolong consumption.

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