scholarly journals A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY TO THE CNS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
V. KEERTHANA ◽  
S. DHANALAKSHMI ◽  
N. HARIKRISHNAN
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Targeting ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

Delivery of drugs into the brain is one of the most interesting and challenging areas of research. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane that separates blood from the brain in the central nervous system. It acts as a barrier to protect the brain from microbes, neurotoxins and other chemical substances and also blocks the entry of many drugs into the brain. An estimated 6.8 billion people die every year from CNS diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, sclerosis, brain stroke, dementia and others. According to WHO, one billion people are affected worldwide, about 50 million suffer from epilepsy and 24 million suffer from Alzheimer and other dementias. This indicates the importance of the delivery of drugs into the brain for treating various neurological diseases and psychological disorders. In drug targeting, a concept was introduced by Dr. Paul Ehrlich as a ‘magic bullet’ that gave tremendous hope for the researches to deliver drugs into the brain. This review discuses about various drug targeting strategies and applications of nanotechnology in designing drug delivery systems with the ability to cross through the BBB for treating neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Intranasal Delivery of Nanoformulations: A Potential Way of Treatment for Neurological Disorders

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Ul Islam ◽  
Adeeb Shehzad ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Ahmed ◽  
Young Sup Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Nasal Delivery ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Although the global prevalence of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, glioblastoma, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis is steadily increasing, effective delivery of drug molecules in therapeutic quantities to the central nervous system (CNS) is still lacking. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is the major obstacle for the entry of drugs into the brain, as it comprises a tight layer of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocyte foot processes that limit drugs’ entry. In recent times, intranasal drug delivery has emerged as a reliable method to bypass the BBB and treat neurological diseases. The intranasal route for drug delivery to the brain with both solution and particulate formulations has been demonstrated repeatedly in preclinical models, including in human trials. The key features determining the efficacy of drug delivery via the intranasal route include delivery to the olfactory area of the nares, a longer retention time at the nasal mucosal surface, enhanced penetration of the drugs through the nasal epithelia, and reduced drug metabolism in the nasal cavity. This review describes important neurological disorders, challenges in drug delivery to the disordered CNS, and new nasal delivery techniques designed to overcome these challenges and facilitate more efficient and targeted drug delivery. The potential for treatment possibilities with intranasal transfer of drugs will increase with the development of more effective formulations and delivery devices.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cancer Treatment by using DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE LIPOSOMES

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Vinicius LU
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Drug Targeting ◽  
Drug Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Conventional Drug ◽  
Paul Ehrlich

The goal of any drug delivery system is to provide a therapeutic amount of drug to the proper site in the body, to achieve promptly and then maintain the desired drug concentration. Conventional drug delivery system achieves as well as maintains the drug concentration with in the therapeutically effective range needed for treatment only when taken several times a day. This results in a significant fluctuation in drug level (Chien YM., 1992). The concept of designing specified delivery system to achieve selective drug targeting has been originated from the perception of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed drug delivery to be as a “magic bullet”.Controlled & Novel delivery envisages optimized drug in the sense that the therapeutic efficacy of a drug is optimized, which also implies nil or minimum side effects. It is expected that the 21st century would witness great changes in the area of drug delivery. The products may be more potent as well as safer. Target specific dosage delivery is likely to overcome much of the criticism of conventional dosage forms.

scholarly journals Brain Disposition of Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Dogma, Approaches and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6442
Author(s):  
Aida Kouhi ◽  
Vyshnavi Pachipulusu ◽  
Talya Kapenstein ◽  
Peisheng Hu ◽  
Alan L. Epstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Antibody Engineering ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Research in the past few decades has revealed that one of the biggest challenges in the development of antibodies for drug delivery to the CNS is the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which acts to restrict drug delivery and contributes to the limited uptake (0.1–0.2% of injected dose) of circulating antibodies into the brain. This article reviews the various methods currently used for antibody delivery to the CNS at the preclinical stage of development and the underlying mechanisms of BBB penetration. It also describes efforts to improve or modulate the physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibodies (e.g., charge, Fc receptor binding affinity, and target affinity), to adapt their pharmacokinetics (PK), and to influence their distribution and disposition into the brain. Finally, a distinction is made between approaches that seek to modify BBB permeability and those that use a physiological approach or antibody engineering to increase uptake in the CNS. Although there are currently inherent difficulties in developing safe and efficacious antibodies that will cross the BBB, the future prospects of brain-targeted delivery of antibody-based agents are believed to be excellent.

Alzheimer’s Disease Targeted Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 628-646
Author(s):  
Gülcem Altinoglu ◽  
Terin Adali
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Sustained Drug Release ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Conventional Drug ◽  
Health Care Burden ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Effective Drugs

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and is part of a massive and growing health care burden that is destroying the cognitive function of more than 50 million individuals worldwide. Today, therapeutic options are limited to approaches with mild symptomatic benefits. The failure in developing effective drugs is attributed to, but not limited to the highly heterogeneous nature of AD with multiple underlying hypotheses and multifactorial pathology. In addition, targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), for the diagnosis and therapy of neurological diseases like AD, is restricted by the challenges posed by blood-brain interfaces surrounding the CNS, limiting the bioavailability of therapeutics. Research done over the last decade has focused on developing new strategies to overcome these limitations and successfully deliver drugs to the CNS. Nanoparticles, that are capable of encapsulating drugs with sustained drug release profiles and adjustable physiochemical properties, can cross the protective barriers surrounding the CNS. Thus, nanotechnology offers new hope for AD treatment as a strong alternative to conventional drug delivery mechanisms. In this review, the potential application of nanoparticle based approaches in Alzheimer’s disease and their implications in therapy is discussed.

Intrathecal Magnetic Drug Targeting: A New Approach to Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lueshen ◽  
Indu Venugopal ◽  
Andreas Linninger
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Canal ◽  
Drug Targeting ◽  
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Magnetic Drug Targeting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Drug Doses

Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery is a standard technique which involves direct injection of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled space within the spinal canal to treat many diseases of the central nervous system. Currently, in order to reach the therapeutic drug concentration at certain locations within the spinal canal, high drug doses are used. With no method to deliver the large drug doses locally, current IT drug delivery treatments are hindered with wide drug distributions throughout the central nervous system (CNS) which cause harmful side effects. In order to overcome the current limitations of IT drug delivery, we have developed the novel method of intrathecal magnetic drug targeting (IT-MDT). Gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles are infused into a physiologically and anatomically relevant in vitro human spine model and then targeted to a specific site using external magnetic fields, resulting in a substantial increase in therapeutic nanoparticle localization at the site of interest. Experiments aiming to determine the effect of key parameters such as magnet strength, duration of magnetic field exposure, location of magnetic field, and ferrous implants on the collection efficiency of our superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the targeting region were performed. Our experiments indicate that intrathecal magnetic drug targeting and implant-assisted IT-MDT are promising techniques for concentrating and localizing drug-functionalized nanoparticles at required target sites within the spinal canal for potential treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system.

Current Nanoparticle Approaches in Nose to Brain Drug Delivery and Anticancer Therapy - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1128-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Ansari ◽  
Ill-Min Chung ◽  
Govindasamy Rajakumar ◽  
Mohammad A. Alzohairy ◽  
Mohammad N. Alomary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

: Nanoparticles (NPs) are unique may be organic or inorganic, play a vital role in the development of drug delivery targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Intranasal drug delivery has shown to be an efficient strategy with attractive application for drug delivery to the CNS related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer 's disease and brain solid tumors. Blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers are natural protective hindrances for entry of drug molecules into the CNS. Nanoparticles exhibit excellent intruding capacity for therapeutic agents and overcome protective barriers. By using nanotechnology based NPs targeted, drug delivery can be improved across BBB with discharge drugs in a controlled manner. NPs confer safe from degradation phenomenon. Several kinds of NPs are used for nose to the brain (N2B) enroute, such as lipidemic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic NPs, solid lipid NPs, dendrimers. Among them, popular lipidemic and polymeric NPs are discussed, and their participation in anti-cancer activity has also been highlighted in this review.

Nose to Brain Drug Delivery System: A Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-299
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Varun Garg ◽  
Neeraj Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
System A ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Nose to brain drug delivery system is an interesting approach to deliver a drug directly in the brain through the nose. Intranasal drug delivery is very beneficial because it avoids first-pass metabolism and achieves a greater concentration of drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) at a low dose. This delivery system is used for the treatment of various neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, dementia, brain cancer, etc. To treat such types of diseases, different formulations like nanoparticles (NPs), microemulsions, in situ gel, etc. can be used depending on the physiochemical properties of the drug. In this review, some essential characteristics related to the delivery of nose to the brain and their possible obstacles are underlined, which include anatomy and physiology of nose to brain delivery. This review also summarizes innovations from the past three to five years.

Nanotechnology Approaches for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery in the Management of Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajalakshmi R ◽  
Krishnakumar N Menon ◽  
Sreeja C Nair
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Cns Drug Delivery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder mainly affecting the central nervous system, presented with auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion and withdrawal from society. Abnormal dopamine levels mainly characterise the disease; various theories of neurotransmitters explain the pathophysiology of the disease. The current therapeutic approach deals with the systemic administration of drugs other than the enteral route, altering the neurotransmitter levels within the brain and providing symptomatic relief. Fluid biomarkers help in the early detection of the disease, which would improve the therapeutic efficacy. However, the major challenge faced in CNS drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier. Nanotherapeutic approaches may overcome these limitations, which will improve safety, efficacy, and targeted drug delivery. This review article addresses the main challenges faced in CNS drug delivery and the significance of current therapeutic strategies and nanotherapeutic approaches for a better understanding and enhanced drug delivery to the brain, which improve the quality of life of schizophrenia patients.

scholarly journals Systemic Delivery of Tyrosine-Mutant AAV Vectors Results in Robust Transduction of Neurons in Adult Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asako Iida ◽  
Naomi Takino ◽  
Hitomi Miyauchi ◽  
Kuniko Shimazaki ◽  
Shin-ichi Muramatsu
Keyword(s):  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Foreign Dna ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Limited Usefulness

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are powerful tools for both basic neuroscience experiments and clinical gene therapies for neurological diseases. Intravascularly administered self-complementary AAV9 vectors can cross the blood-brain barrier. However, AAV9 vectors are of limited usefulness because they mainly transduce astrocytes in adult animal brains and have restrictions on foreign DNA package sizes. In this study, we show that intracardiac injections of tyrosine-mutant pseudotype AAV9/3 vectors resulted in extensive and widespread transgene expression in the brains and spinal cords of adult mice. Furthermore, the usage of neuron-specific promoters achieved selective transduction of neurons. These results suggest that tyrosine-mutant AAV9/3 vectors may be effective vehicles for delivery of therapeutic genes, including miRNAs, into the brain and for treating diseases that affect broad areas of the central nervous system.

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