scholarly journals POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES FOR COVID-19 THERAPY

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
A SALOMY MONICA DIYYA ◽  
NOEL VINAY THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Interleukin Inhibitors ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Covid-19, an infectious disease caused by coronavirus spreads by salivary droplets or nasal discharge from an infected person during sneezing or coughing. This infectious disease is caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS CoV-2 shares the same structure with that of the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Most of the people who are infected with Covid-19 will experience respiratory illness and can be treated with antiviral drugs and or a combination of antiviral drugs and supportive therapies. Many medical investigational approaches are being investigated to design possible treatment strategies and possible avenues for Covid-19 therapy. Potential strategies for the treatment of Covid-19 include antiviral medication, the combination of interferons and antiviral drugs, interleukin inhibitors. Recent studies show that the use of plasma from survivors can help patients in recovering from the disease. This approach of using plasma is termed as convalescent plasma therapy. Another newer technology that includes the construction of a recombinant vaccine is gaining importance for further investigation. The other major approaches include the therapeutic use of serine protease inhibitors, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ammonium chloride in definite doses. New study approaches include investigation on the production of monoclonal antibodies has gained a way for further clinical research. An effective supportive therapy includes extracorporeal membrane oxygenation could be considered as rescued therapy for the patients having respiratory distress. After sufficient clinical data is obtained and by taking all these approaches into consideration, the treatment protocol can be designed to treat Covid-19 successfully.

Possible benefits of reformulating antiviral drugs with nanoemulsion system in the treatment of novel coronavirus infection

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Chandra Prakash Jain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Antiviral Action ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection or COVID 19, causing serious threats to all around the world. Until an effective and safe vaccine for novel coronavirus is developed by scientists, current drug therapy should by optimize for the control and treatment of COVID 19. Objective: In this manuscript, we are presenting a perspective on possible benefits of reformulating antiviral drug dosage form with nanoemulsion system against novel coronavirus infection. Methods: Literature review has been done on COVID 19, treatment strategies, novel drug delivery systems and role of pulmonary surfactant on lungs protection. Results: Nanoemulsion system and its components have certain biophysical properties which could increase the efficacy of drug therapy. Antiviral drugs, delivered through a nanoemulsion system containing P-gp inhibitor (surfactant and cosolvent), can inhibit the cellular resistance to drugs and would potentiate the antiviral action of drugs. Pulmonary surfactant (PS) assisted antiviral drug delivery by nanoemulsion system could be another effective approach for the treatment of COVID 19. Use of functional excipients like pulmonary surfactant (PS) and surfactant proteins (SPs), in the formulation of the antiviral drug-loaded nanoemulsion system can improve the treatment of coronavirus infection. Conclusion: In our opinion for synergizing antiviral action, lipid and protein portion of PS and their commercial analogs should be explored by pharmaceutical scientists to use them as a functional excipient in the formulation of antiviral drugloaded nanoemulsion system.

scholarly journals Associations of clinical characteristics and antiviral drugs with viral RNA clearance in patients with COVID-19 in Guangzhou, China: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xudan Chen ◽  
Yuying Zhang ◽  
Baoyi Zhu ◽  
Jianwen Zeng ◽  
Wenxin Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractBackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) characterized by respiratory symptoms has become a global pandemic although factors influencing viral RNA clearance remained unclear to inform optimal isolation period and treatment strategies.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we included patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital from 20th January 2020 to 15th March 2020. The associations of clinical characteristics and treatment regimens on time to viral RNA clearance were analyzed.ResultsWe examined 284 consecutive COVID-19 cases, accounting for 82% of confirmed cases in Guangzhou during this period. At the time of reporting (20th March 2020), 276 (97.2%) had recovered and were discharged from hospital with a median hospital stay of 18 days (interquartile range [IQR]:13-24). Overall, 280 patients achieved viral RNA clearance with a median length of 12 days (IQR: 8-16) after onset of illness. Amongst them, 66.1% had viral RNA cleared within 14 days, and 89.3% within 21 days. Older age, severity of disease, time lag from illness onset to hospital admission, high body temperature, and corticosteroid use were associated with delayed clearance of viral RNA. None of the antiviral regimens (chloroquine, oseltamivir, arbidol, and lopinavir/ritonavir) improved viral RNA clearance. The use of lopinavir/ritonavir was associated with delayed clearance of viral RNA after adjusting for confounders.ConclusionIn patients with COVID-19, isolation for a minimum of 21 days after onset of illness may be warranted, while the use of antiviral drugs does not enhance viral RNA clearance.Brief SummaryViral RNA was cleared in 89% of the COVID-19 patients within 21 days after illness onset. The use of antiviral drugs (chloroquine, oseltamivir, arbidol, and lopinavir/ritonavir) did not shorten viral RNA clearance, especially in non-serious cases.

Therapeutic Measures for the Novel Coronavirus: A Review of Current Status and Future Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Darvish ◽  
Mahshid Shahverdi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Central China ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly pathogenic and transmissible viral disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China and spread quickly around the world. The genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is phylogenetically related to batderived severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) coronaviruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoirs. At present, there are no clinically approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs for COVID-19. However, several broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical studies and resulted in the improvement of patients. In this regard, other therapies such as antiviral drugs, antibodies, stem cells and plasma therapy are being studied. In the current study, we reviewed the emergence, pathogenicity and the genome structure of COVID-19 infection. The main focus of this study is on the therapeutic approaches that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals COVID-19 REVIEW ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE DRUGS USED FOR COVID-19 OUTBREAK

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Noor Ul ain
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Reduce Mortality Rate ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Viral Infectious Disease

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The recent global health threat is the outbreak of a viral infectious disease caused by SARS-COV2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus). The origin of this outbreak is from the animal market in Wuhan, China. So, it is considered as zoonotic in origin as its mode of transmission is from animals to human. This outbreak is similar to previous outbreaks of coronavirus like SARS-COV (Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome) and MERS-COV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). Until now different pharmacological drugs have been used to mitigate the symptoms of the COVID-19 throughout the world. There is no specific medication prescribed as the treatment of this disease. However, pharmacological drugs and immune boosting dietary therapies have been proved effective in treatment strategies. METHODOLOGY: The latest epidemiological articles, research articles, review articles, WHO guidelines and news proceedings are selected in this review. Articles were searched under the keyword search of COVID-19, drugs for COVID-19, latest COVID-19 research, surveys for covid-19. PubMed, Lancet, Elsevier, BMJ and CDC were used to accumulate the latest findings. RESULTS: There is no vaccine or other proper treatment available for this infectious disease but the symptomatic treatment is usually given to the infected person as the use of certain pharmacological as well as traditional drugs are given to reduce the symptoms associated with this disease. Furthermore, COVID-19 serious patients on ventilator are treated with the plasma therapy as with the antibiotics from the plasma of recovered patients is also in use to reduce mortality rate.  CONCLUSION: To prevent this infectious disease it is important to avoid the person-to-person transmission which is mainly via coughing, sneezing, droplets of the respiration, direct contact with the infected person. So, the social distancing and self-quarantine is preferred to avoid the spread of this infectious disease. The drugs which are commonly used to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of COVID-19 are Paracetamol, Aspirin/Loprin, Dabigatran, Azithromycin, Famotidine, Ipratopium bromide, Dexamethasone,Tocilizumab, and Moxifloxacin. These drugs have been practiced by the practitioners to treat the symptoms of covid-19. However no pertinent drug has been approved as a cure of covid-19.

scholarly journals Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossam M. Ashour ◽  
Walid F. Elkhatib ◽  
Md. Masudur Rahman ◽  
Hatem A. Elshabrawy
Keyword(s):  
Genome Organization ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002. The continuous evolution of coronaviruses was further highlighted with the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012. Currently, the world is concerned about the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) that was initially identified in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Patients presented with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness. The number of cases has been mounting since then. As of late February 2020, tens of thousands of cases and several thousand deaths have been reported in China alone, in addition to thousands of cases in other countries. Although the fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is currently lower than SARS-CoV, the virus seems to be highly contagious based on the number of infected cases to date. In this review, we discuss structure, genome organization, entry of CoVs into target cells, and provide insights into past and present outbreaks. The future of human CoV outbreaks will not only depend on how the viruses will evolve, but will also depend on how we develop efficient prevention and treatment strategies to deal with this continuous threat.

scholarly journals Impact of the Ayurveda Treatment Protocol in the Management of COVID -19

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Sailekha P. ◽  
Sudhikumar K B
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Ayurvedic Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-COV-2, which can cause severe respiratory illness and complications in patients. Recognizing Ayurveda's endless possibilities for improving immunity and preventing disease progression, the Ministry of AYUSH developed and approved the Ayurvedic protocol for handling Covid-19. Even though Ayurveda practitioners have been prescribing medicines to the Covid-19 patients since approval, no studies have been reported from Kerala regarding the effectiveness of the Ayurveda Treatment approaches. Hence the School of Fundamental Research in Ayurveda designed an observational study to evaluate the impact of the Ayurveda Treatment approaches in the management of Covid -19. The study result affirms that the Ayurvedic treatment method is very effective against Covid-19 and the role of Ayurveda in addressing the Covid-19 challenge is invaluable. Key words: Covid-19, Ayurvedic protocol, School of Fundamental Research in Ayurveda.

The Role of Exosomes in the Treatment, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Pathogenesis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Zani-Ruttenstock ◽  
Lina Antounians ◽  
Kasra Khalaj ◽  
Rebeca L. Figueira ◽  
Augusto Zani
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Clinical Conditions

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to be a major health concern. In search for novel treatment strategies against COVID-19, exosomes have attracted the attention of scientists and pharmaceutical companies worldwide. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles, secreted by all types of cells, and considered as key mediators of intercellular communication and stem-cell paracrine signaling. Herein, we reviewed the most recent literature about the role of exosomes as potential agents for treatment, prevention, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of COVID-19. Several studies and ongoing clinical trials have been investigating the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and reparative effects of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for COVID-19-related acute lung injury. Other studies reported that exosomes play a key role in convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19, and that they could be of use for the treatment of COVID-19 Kawasaki's-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome and as drug delivery nanocarriers for antiviral therapy. Harnessing some advantageous aspects of exosome biology, such as their endogenous origin, capability of crossing biological barriers, high stability in circulation, and low toxicity and immunogenicity, several companies have been testing exosome-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. As they carry cargos that mimic the status of parent cells, exosomes can be isolated from a variety of sources, including plasma, and employed as biomarkers of COVID-19. Lastly, there is growing evidence supporting the role of exosomes in COVID-19 infection, spread, reactivation, and reinfection. The lessons learned using exosomes for COVID-19 will help determine their efficacy and applicability in other clinical conditions.

scholarly journals Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China through a drug-target interaction deep learning model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Ram Beck ◽  
Bonggun Shin ◽  
Yoonjung Choi ◽  
Sungsoo Park ◽  
Keunsoo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Inhibitory Potency ◽  
Target Interaction ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe infection of a novel coronavirus found in Wuhan of China (2019-nCoV) is rapidly spreading, and the incidence rate is increasing worldwide. Due to the lack of effective treatment options for 2019-nCoV, various strategies are being tested in China, including drug repurposing. In this study, we used our pretrained deep learning-based drug-target interaction model called Molecule Transformer-Drug Target Interaction (MT-DTI) to identify commercially available drugs that could act on viral proteins of 2019-nCoV. The result showed that atazanavir, an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the best chemical compound, showing a inhibitory potency with Kd of 94.94 nM against the 2019-nCoV 3C-like proteinase, followed by efavirenz (199.17 nM), ritonavir (204.05 nM), and dolutegravir (336.91 nM). Interestingly, lopinavir, ritonavir, and darunavir are all designed to target viral proteinases. However, in our prediction, they may also bind to the replication complex components of 2019-nCoV with an inhibitory potency with Kd < 1000 nM. In addition, we also found that several antiviral agents, such as Kaletra, could be used for the treatment of 2019-nCoV, although there is no real-world evidence supporting the prediction. Overall, we suggest that the list of antiviral drugs identified by the MT-DTI model should be considered, when establishing effective treatment strategies for 2019-nCoV.

scholarly journals A Novel Coronavirus (nCOV- 2019): A Pandemic Severe Respiratory Tract Infections by SARS COV-2 in Human

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
Vikram Jadhao ◽  
Roshan Bodhe ◽  
Hitendra Mahajan ◽  
Vikram Jadhav ◽  
Kishor Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (nCOV 2019) or Coronavirus is one which is associate communicable disease amongst variety of viruses that causes cold, fever, difficulty in breathing and ultimately death. The viruses cause metabolism infections, together with the mundane cold, that square measure usually delicate, although a lot of occasional forms like respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, the illness is that the reason for the 2019–20 coronavirus irruption. It’s primarily unfolded between individuals by diminutive droplets from infected people once they breathe or cough. Individuals could have few symptoms or develop febrility, cough, and shortness of breath. Whereas Feb 2020, different countries together with European country Asian Countries enclosed within the list. Antiviral drugs being tested embrace antimalarial drug, the ribonucleic acid enzyme substance remdesivir, and triazavirin, Umifenovir (Arbidol) and darunavir were planned. Remdesivir and antimalarial drug effectively inhibit the coronavirus in vitro. Favilavir approved as experimental corona virus drug. The objective of this review article to provide basic knowledge & preliminary opinion and to provide an advice which can be proved as the best mantra for defeating nCOV. Thus this review aims to throw light to the new and exciting areas of Virology,  Replication  cycle of corona virus ,  sign & symptoms and diagnosis, Spreading of corona virus, Structural biology of corona virus, the ways of treatment with  alternative medicines  other than antiviral drugs,  and prevention in its early stage of COVID-19 , and also Current Research on Corona. Keywords: Coronavirus, 2019-nCOV2, 2019–20 coronavirus irruption, SARS, WHO, Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), replication of corona virus.

scholarly journals A Review on 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Pawan Kumar Mahawar ◽  
Abhay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Populous Country

Background: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11th of 2020. Novel Coronavirus infection mediated pandemic started in China in December 2019 and is still killing 1000s of people throughout the world. The second most populous country, India too is fighting against this infectious disease. The country is taking effective measures to curb the pandemic by exerting extensive campaigning on sanitation and strict social distancing measures to quell the explosion of the infection rate.  Treatment: No drugs are currently approved for Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), although some have been tried. In view of recent studies and discussion on tested drugs on COVID-19 patients of India, I aimed to review existing literature and relevant websites regarding these drugs used in India including allopathic, plasma therapy,Ayurvedic and homeopathic medication.  

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