scholarly journals Baboon Model for the Study of Endometriosis

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleophas M Kyama ◽  
Atilla Mihalyi ◽  
Daniel Chai ◽  
Peter Simsa ◽  
Jason M Mwenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Molecular Changes ◽  
Baboon Model ◽  
Insight Into

Endometriosis is a benign, estrogen-dependent disease and is now recognized as an enigmatic disease owing to its various clinical manifestations and locations. The lack of a reliable and specific method for the early detection of endometriosis often results in delayed diagnosis. So far, research has born inadequate findings regarding understanding the basic etiology or pathophysiology of endometriosis. Animal models that accurately represent the cellular and molecular changes associated with the initiation and progression of human endometriosis have significant potential to facilitate the development of better methods for the early detection and treatment of endometriosis. A number of animal model systems have been developed for the study of this disease. These models replicate many of the known salient features of human endometriosis. This review provides an insight into the use of the baboon model for studies focused on understanding human endometriosis.

scholarly journals Models of multiple system atrophy

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
He-Jin Lee ◽  
Diadem Ricarte ◽  
Darlene Ortiz ◽  
Seung-Jae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Multiple System Atrophy ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Brain Extracts

AbstractMultiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease with diverse clinical manifestations, including parkinsonism, cerebellar syndrome, and autonomic failure. Pathologically, MSA is characterized by glial cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes, which contain fibrillary forms of α-synuclein. MSA is categorized as one of the α-synucleinopathy, and α-synuclein aggregation is thought to be the culprit of the disease pathogenesis. Studies on MSA pathogenesis are scarce relative to studies on the pathogenesis of other synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. However, recent developments in cellular and animal models of MSA, especially α-synuclein transgenic models, have driven advancements in research on this disease. Here, we review the currently available models of MSA, which include toxicant-induced animal models, α-synuclein-overexpressing cellular models, and mouse models that express α-synuclein specifically in oligodendrocytes through cell type-specific promoters. We will also discuss the results of studies in recently developed transmission mouse models, into which MSA brain extracts were intracerebrally injected. By reviewing the findings obtained from these model systems, we will discuss what we have learned about the disease and describe the strengths and limitations of the models, thereby ultimately providing direction for the design of better models and future research.

scholarly journals Phodopus roborovskii SH101 as a systemic infection model of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongkai Zhai ◽  
Mingda Wang ◽  
Hea-Jong Chung ◽  
Md. Mehedi Hassan ◽  
Seungkoo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
High Fever ◽  
Hamster Strain ◽  
Respiratory Systems ◽  
Systemic Symptoms ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a worldwide threat with its unusually high transmission rates and rapid evolution into diverse strains. Unlike typical respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 frequently causes systemic infection by breaking the boundaries of the respiratory systems. The development of animal models recapitulating the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is of utmost importance not only for the development of vaccines and antivirals but also for understanding the pathogenesis. However, there has not been developed an animal model for systemic infection of SARS-CoV-2 representing most aspects of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 with systemic symptoms. Here we report that a hamster strain of Phodopus roborovskii SH101, a laboratory inbred hamster strain of P. roborovskii, displayed most symptoms of systemic infection upon SARS-CoV-2 infection as in the case of the human counterpart, unlike current COVID-19 animal models. P. roborovskii SH101 post-infection of SARS-CoV-2 represented most clinical symptoms of COVID-19 such as snuffling, dyspnea, cough, labored breathing, hunched posture, progressive weight loss, and ruffled fur, in addition to high fever following shaking chills. Histological examinations also revealed a serious right-predominated pneumonia as well as slight organ damages in the brain and liver, manifesting systemic COVID-19 cases. Considering the merit of a small animal as well as its clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human, this hamster model seems to provide an ideal tool to investigate COVID-19.Author summaryAlthough the current animal models supported SARS-CoV-2 replication and displayed varying degrees of illness after SARS-CoV-2 infection, the infections of SARS-CoV-2 were mainly limited to the respiratory systems of these animals, including hACE2 transgenic mice, hamsters, ferrets, fruit bats, guinea pigs, African green monkey, Rhesus macaques, and Cynomolgus macaques. While these animal models can be a modest model for the respiratory infection, there is a clear limit for use them in the study of COVID-19 that also displays multiple systemic symptoms. Therefore, the development of an animal model recapitulating COVID-19-specific symptoms such as the right-predominated pneumonia would be the utmost need to overcome the imminent threat posed by COVID-19. We identified a very interesting hamster strain, Phodopus roborovskii SH101, which mimics almost all aspects of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unlike the current animal models, SARS-CoV-2-infected P. roborovskii SH101 not only displayed the symptoms of respiratory infection but also clinical manifestations specific to human COVID-19 such as high fever following shaking chills, serious right-predominated pneumonia, and minor organ damages in the brain and liver.

Centromere identity and function put to use: construction and transfer of mammalian artificial chromosomes to animal models

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Ye Yang ◽  
Michael A. Lampson ◽  
Ben E. Black
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Artificial Chromosomes ◽  
Conventional Expression ◽  
And Function

Abstract Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are widely used as gene expression vectors and have various advantages over conventional expression vectors. We review and discuss breakthroughs in MAC construction, initiation of functional centromeres allowing their faithful inheritance, and transfer from cell culture to animal model systems. These advances have contributed to advancements in synthetic biology, biomedical research, and applications in industry and in the clinic.

Animal models of psychosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 496-506
Author(s):  
Daniel Scott
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Behavioral Assessments ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
Valid Animal Model

The creation of a valid animal model is of crucial importance to the study of the biological mechanisms underlying disease pathophysiology. This becomes difficult when studying psychiatric illness, most especially psychosis, as humans’ mental state is a strictly internally experienced phenomenon, and thus the biological readout of these conditions is often a behavioral assessment. Therefore, when designing appropriate animal model systems and behavioral assessments for the study of psychiatric illness, it is necessary that appropriate measures be taken to ensure the systems and tasks used fulfill rigorous demands of validity. This chapter discusses different forms of validity, expanding on the classical validity measures of face, predictive, and construct validity. Specific examples of behavioral assessments and animal preparations that adhere to these specific definitions of validity are presented. These include specific experimental paradigms that can be similarly assessed in humans with psychosis and animal models, methods to create an animal preparation based on known psychosis triggers and risk factors, and pharmacological means to demonstrate relevance to the human condition. The chapter argues for a systematic approach to design, verify, and validate an animal model system for research into psychosis specifically, and other psychiatric disorders more generally, based on these different classes of validity.

scholarly journals Understanding Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Airway Epithelial Repair: Selecting the Most Appropriate Animal Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Epithelium Regeneration

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the process of regeneration and repair of airway epithelial structures demands close characterization of the associated cellular and molecular events. The choice of an animal model system to study these processes and the role of lung stem cells is debatable since ideally the chosen animal model should offer a valid comparison with the human lung. Species differences may include the complex three-dimensional lung structures, cellular composition of the lung airway as well as transcriptional control of the molecular events in response to airway epithelium regeneration, and repair following injury. In this paper, we discuss issues related to the study of the lung repair and regeneration including the role of putative stem cells in small- and large-animal models. At the end of this paper, the author discuss the potential for using sheep as a model which can help bridge the gap between small-animal model systems and humans.

Animal Model Systems for the Study of Alcohol Teratology

2005 ◽  
Vol 230 (6) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Cudd
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Model System ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

The incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome has not been declining even though alcohol has been established as a teratogen and significant efforts have been made to educate women not to abuse alcohol during pregnancy. In addition to further educational efforts, strategies to prevent or mitigate the damages of prenatal alcohol exposure are now under development. Animal models will play a significant role in the effort to develop these strategies. Because prenatal alcohol exposure causes damage by multiple mechanisms, depending on dose, pattern, and timing of exposure, and because no species of animal is the same as the human, the choice of which animal model to use is complicated. To choose the best animal model, it is necessary to consider the specific scientific question that is being addressed and which model system is best able to addressthe question. Animal models that are currently in use include nonhuman primates, rodents (rats, mice, guinea pigs), large animal models (pig and sheep), the chick, and simple animals, including fish, insects, and round worms. Each model system has strengths and weaknesses, depending on the question being addressed. Simple animal models are useful in exploring basic science questions that relate to molecular biology and genetics that cannot be explored in higher-order animals, whereas higher-order animal models are useful in studying complex behaviors and validating basic science findings in an animal that is more like the human. Substantial progress in this field will require the judicious use of multiple scientific approaches that use different animal model systems.

scholarly journals Models of Abnormal Scarring

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bommie F. Seo ◽  
Jun Yong Lee ◽  
Sung-No Jung
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Hypertrophic Scars ◽  
Athymic Mouse ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Insight Into

Keloids and hypertrophic scars are thick, raised dermal scars, caused by derailing of the normal scarring process. Extensive research on such abnormal scarring has been done; however, these being refractory disorders specific to humans, it has been difficult to establish a universal animal model. A wide variety of animal models have been used. These include the athymic mouse, rats, rabbits, and pigs. Although these models have provided valuable insight into abnormal scarring, there is currently still no ideal model. This paper reviews the models that have been developed.

Animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension: the hope for etiological discovery and pharmacological cure

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (6) ◽  
pp. L1013-L1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt R. Stenmark ◽  
Barbara Meyrick ◽  
Nazzareno Galie ◽  
Wolter J. Mooi ◽  
Ivan F. McMurtry
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Prognostic Features ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Insight Into

At present, six groups of chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) are described. Among these, group 1 (and 1′) comprises a group of diverse diseases termed pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that have several pathophysiological, histological, and prognostic features in common. PAH is a particularly severe and progressive form of PH that frequently leads to right heart failure and premature death. The diagnosis of PAH must include a series of defined clinical parameters, which extend beyond mere elevations in pulmonary arterial pressures and include precapillary PH, pulmonary hypertensive arteriopathy (usually with plexiform lesions), slow clinical onset (months or years), and a chronic time course (years) characterized by progressive deterioration. What appears to distinguish PAH from other forms of PH is the severity of the arteriopathy observed, the defining characteristic of which is “plexogenic arteriopathy.” The pathogenesis of this arteriopathy remains unclear despite intense investigation in a variety of animal model systems. The most commonly used animal models (“classic” models) are rodents exposed to either hypoxia or monocrotaline. Newer models, which involve modification of classic approaches, have been developed that exhibit more severe PH and vascular lesions, which include neointimal proliferation and occlusion of small vessels. In addition, genetically manipulated mice have been generated that have provided insight into the role of specific molecules in the pulmonary hypertensive process. Unfortunately, at present, there is no perfect preclinical model that completely recapitulates human PAH. All models, however, have provided and will continue to provide invaluable insight into the numerous pathways that contribute to the development and maintenance of PH. Use of both classic and newly developed animal models will allow continued rigorous testing of new hypotheses regarding pathogenesis and treatment. This review highlights progress that has been made in animal modeling of this important human condition.

scholarly journals Experimental Animal Model Systems for Understanding Salivary Secretory Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8423
Author(s):  
Ji-Youn Kim ◽  
Chang-Hyeon An ◽  
Jae-Young Kim ◽  
Jae-Kwang Jung
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Experimental Findings

Salivary secretory disorders are life-disrupting pathologic conditions with a high prevalence, especially in the geriatric population. Both patients and clinicians frequently feel helpless and get frustrated by the currently available therapeutic strategies, which consist mainly of palliative managements. Accordingly, to unravel the underlying mechanisms and to develop effective and curative strategies, several animal models have been developed and introduced. Experimental findings from these models have contributed to answer biological and biomedical questions. This review aims to provide various methodological considerations used for the examination of pathological fundamentals in salivary disorders using animal models and to summarize the obtained findings. The information provided in this review could provide plausible solutions for overcoming salivary disorders and also suggest purpose-specific experimental animal systems.

scholarly journals The Tree Shrew as a Model for Cancer Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Lu ◽  
Hongmei Peng ◽  
Liping Zhong ◽  
Pan Wu ◽  
Jian He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Animal Disease Models ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Tumor Research ◽  
Selection Of

Animal disease models are necessary in medical research, and an appropriate animal model is of great importance for studies about the prevention or treatment of cancer. The most important thing in the selection of animal models is to consider the similarity between animals and humans. The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a squirrel-like mammal which placed in the order Scandentia. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that tree shrews are extremely similar to primate and humans than to rodents, with many highly conserved genes, which makes the data from studies that use tree shrews as models more convincing and the research outcomes more easily translatable. In tumor research, tree shrews are often used as animal models for hepatic and mammary cancers. As research has progressed, other types of tree shrew tumor models have been developed and exhibit clinical manifestations similar to those of humans. Combining the advantages of both rodents and primates, the tree shrew is expected to be the most powerful animal model for studying tumors.

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