Microbial interactions and immunity response in oral Candida species

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 1653-1677
Author(s):  
Lucia Černáková ◽  
Célia F Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Immunity Response ◽  
Oral Candida ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Oral candidiasis are among the most common noncommunicable diseases, related with serious local and systemic illnesses. Although these infections can occur in all kinds of patients, they are more recurrent in immunosuppressed ones such as patients with HIV, hepatitis, cancer or under long antimicrobial treatments. Candida albicans continues to be the most frequently identified Candida spp. in these disorders, but other non- C. albicans Candida are rising. Understanding the immune responses involved in oral Candida spp. infections is a key feature to a successful treatment and to the design of novel therapies. In this review, we performed a literature search in PubMed and WoS, in order to examine and analyze common oral Candida spp.–bacteria/ Candida–Candida interactions and the host immunity response in oral candidiasis.

scholarly journals Biomaterials for the Prevention of Oral Candidiasis Development

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Dan Cristian Gheorghe ◽  
Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu ◽  
Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă ◽  
Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Oral Flora ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Dental Prostheses ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Denture Adhesives ◽  
Oral Candida

Thousands of microorganisms coexist within the human microbiota. However, certain conditions can predispose the organism to the overgrowth of specific pathogens that further lead to opportunistic infections. One of the most common such imbalances in the normal oral flora is the excessive growth of Candida spp, which produces oral candidiasis. In immunocompromised individuals, this fungal infection can reach the systemic level and become life-threatening. Hence, prompt and efficient treatment must be administered. Traditional antifungal agents, such as polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins, may often result in severe adverse effects, regardless of the administration form. Therefore, novel treatments have to be developed and implemented in clinical practice. In this regard, the present paper focuses on the newest therapeutic options against oral Candida infections, reviewing compounds and biomaterials with inherent antifungal properties, improved materials for dental prostheses and denture adhesives, drug delivery systems, and combined approaches towards developing the optimum treatment.

scholarly journals Management of Streptococcus mutans-Candida spp. Oral Biofilms’ Infections: Paving the Way for Effective Clinical Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahare Salehi ◽  
Dorota Kregiel ◽  
Gail Mahady ◽  
Javad Sharifi-Rad ◽  
Natália Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Oral Candida

Oral diseases are considered the most common noncommunicable diseases and are related to serious local and systemic disorders. Oral pathogens can grow and spread in the oral mucosae and frequently in biomaterials (e.g., dentures or prostheses) under polymicrobial biofilms, leading to several disorders such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Biofilms harbor a complex array of interacting microbes, increasingly unapproachable to antimicrobials and with dynamic processes key to disease pathogenicity, which partially explain the gradual loss of response towards conventional therapeutic regimens. New drugs (synthesized and natural) and other therapies that have revealed promising results for the treatment or control of these mixed biofilms are presented and discussed here. A structured search of bibliographic databases was applied to include recent research. There are several promising new approaches in the treatment of Candida spp.–Streptococcus mutans oral mixed biofilms that could be clinically applied in the near future. These findings confirm the importance of developing effective therapies for oral Candida–bacterial infections.

scholarly journals MULTICENTER STUDY OF CANDIDA SPECIES IN ORAL MUCOSA OF DIFFERENT PATIENTS: ANALYSIS OF 711 STRAINS AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Rennan Luiz Oliveira dos Santos ◽  
Luciana Da Silva Ruiz ◽  
Marcos Ereno Auler ◽  
Jorge Kleber Chavasco ◽  
Débora Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Oral Candida

This study aimed to identify Candida spp. collected from oral mucosa and maintained in culture collections, correlating the findings with the medical history of patients and comparing with data from the literature over the past five years. Seven hundred and eleven oral Candida spp. isolates, collected between 2013 and 2017,  were selected and identified using traditional and molecular methods. In addition, a literature review was performed with the key words: “Oral”, “Candida” and “Yeast”. Seven species of the genus Candida: were identified C. albicans (73.3%); C. tropicalis (9.3%); C. parapsilosis (8.2%); C. glabrata (3.9%); C. guilliermondii(2.8%); C. krusei (1.7%) and C. lusitaniae (0.3%). The strains identified as C. albicans were submitted to molecular methods using specific primers and of these, 5.8% were identified as C. dubliniensis strains. The greatest diversity of strains was found in patients presenting no systemic diseases or HIV +, while the highest percentage of strains of Candida non-albicans were observed in cancer patients. This study reports a representative distribution of Candida species among individuals exhibiting distinct clinical conditions, in order to contribute to the design of future research on details of aspects involved in the infections caused by thesemicroorganisms. The correct identification of oral Candida strains contributes to a realistic epidemiological approach and future clinical protocols against these pathogens.KEY WORDS: Candida; oral candidiasis; dentistry; yeasts; HIV; co-infection

scholarly journals Prevalência de Candida spp. em biofilme dentário de usuários de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Michele Mezzari ◽  
Amanda Gomes Faria ◽  
Igor Palagi De Souza ◽  
Ernani Marchioro ◽  
Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Mycological Diagnosis ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Oral Candida

OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de Candida spp. em biofilme dentário de usuários de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos (AOF) e relacionar com seus hábitos e características. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram isolados e identificados cepas de Candida em amostras de saliva em indivíduos usuários de AOF com presença de biofilme microbiano e indivíduos usuários de AOF mas sem presença de biofilme (grupo controle), a partir do cultivo em laboratório. RESULTADOS: Neste estudo foram analisadas 108 amostras de indivíduos com biofilme, e 51 indivíduos no grupo controle. Das 108 amostras analisadas, 52 (48,1%) foram negativas para o gênero Candida e 56 (55,2%) foram positivas, sendo que em oito pacientes foram isolados duas espécies de Candida, quatro pacientes com C. albicans e C. krusei, um com C. albicans e C. tropicalis, um com C. albicans e C. glabrata, um com C. tropicalis e C. glabrata e um com C. tropicalis e C. krusei. No grupo controle 33,3% apresentaram isolamento de Candida, mesmo não apresentando biofilme. CONCLUSÃO: Foram detectadas espécies de Candida patogênicas e intrinsicamente resistentes aos convencionais antifúngicos, ressaltando a importância do diagnóstico micológico para um tratamento adequado das infecções causadas por este grupo de fungos presentes na cavidade oral dos indivíduos. Palavras-chave: Candidíase oral, Candida spp., aparelho ortodôntico fixo. ____________________________________________________ ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of Candida spp. in dental plaque of users of fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA) and relate to their habits and characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We isolated and identified strains of Candida in saliva samples from individuals using FOA with the presence of microbial biofilm and individuals without the presence of biofilm (control group) in the laboratory cultivation. RESULTS: We analyzed 108 samples from individuals with biofilm and 51 individuals in the control group. Of the 108 samples analyzed, 52 (48.1%) were negative for Candida and 56 (55.2%) were positive, with eight patients were isolated two species of Candida, four patients with C. albicans and C. krusei, with one C. albicans and C. tropicalis, with one C. albicans and C. glabrata, with one C. tropicalis and C. glabrata and with one C. tropicalis and C. krusei. In the control group 33.3% had isolated Candida, even showing no biofilm. CONCLUSION: Were detected and pathogenic Candida species intrinsically resistant to conventional antifungal agents, emphasizing the importance of mycological diagnosis for appropriate treatment of infections caused by this group of fungi present in the oral cavity of individuals. Key-words: Oral Candidiasis, Candida spp., fixed orthodontic braces. ____________________________________________________

scholarly journals A prospective randomized trial to reduce oral Candida spp. colonization in patients with hyposalivation

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Regina Torres ◽  
Camila Bernardo Peixoto ◽  
Daniele Manhães Caldas ◽  
Tiyomi Akiti ◽  
Maria Glória Carvalho Barreiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Oral Candida ◽  
Group 1

Low salivary flow rates are associated with higher oral Candida spp. counts, which may predispose to oral candidiasis. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of stimulating salivary flow rates with that of a regimen of chlorhexidine mouth rinse on the intensity of Candida colonization in patients with reduced salivary flow rates. Thirty-one outpatients were randomized to stimulate salivary output (group 1) or to receive chlorhexidine mouth rinses (group 2). Evaluations were performed at baseline (T0), at end of treatment (T1), and 15 days after last day of treatment (T2). Chewing-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected at each visit. Group 1 showed a constant reduction in median cfu counts, although the difference was significant only between T0 and T2 (p = 0.004). Group 2 showed a reduction in median Candida cfu counts between T0 and T1 (p = 0.01), but the counts increased at T2 (p = 0.01), and the difference between T0 and T2 was not significant (p = 0.8). In conclusion, patients who received salivary stimulation showed reductions of Candida cfu counts in saliva and a trend for increasing salivary flow rates between baseline and end of study evaluations. The use of chlorhexidine mouth rinses dramatically reduced Candida cfu counts, but when patients discontinued treatment, intensity of colonization rose again.

scholarly journals Orodispersible Film Loaded with Enterococcus faecium CRL183 Presents Anti-Candida albicans Biofilm Activity In Vitro

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 998
Author(s):  
Virgínia Barreto Lordello ◽  
Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin ◽  
Sarah Raquel de Annunzio ◽  
Maria Pía Taranto ◽  
Marlus Chorilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Control Film ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Background: Probiotic bacteria have been emerging as a trustworthy choice for the prevention and treatment of Candida spp. infections. This study aimed to develop and characterize an orodispersible film (ODF) for delivering the potentially probiotic Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 into the oral cavity, evaluating its in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Methods and Results: The ODF was composed by carboxymethylcellulose, gelatin, and potato starch, and its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties were studied. The probiotic resistance and viability during processing and storage were evaluated as well as its in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans. The ODFs were thin, resistant, and flexible, with neutral pH and microbiologically safe. The probiotic resisted the ODF obtaining process, demonstrating high viability (>9 log10 CFU·g−1), up to 90 days of storage at room temperature. The Probiotic Film promoted 68.9% of reduction in fungal early biofilm and 91.2% in its mature biofilm compared to the group stimulated with the control film. Those results were confirmed through SEM images. Conclusion: The probiotic ODF developed is a promising strategy to prevent oral candidiasis, since it permits the local probiotic delivery, which in turn was able to reduce C. albicans biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Toluidine Blue—Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Candida spp. A Systematic Review

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Rafał Wiench ◽  
Dariusz Skaba ◽  
Jacek Matys ◽  
Kinga Grzech-Leśniak
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Denture Stomatitis

The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of oral yeast infections was examined many times in recent years. The authors of this review tried to address the question: “Should TBO (toluidine blue ortho)-mediated aPDT be considered a possible alternative treatment for oral candidiasis?”. PubMed/Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL) databases were searched from 1997 up to the 27th of October 2020 using a combination of the following keywords: (Candida OR Candidiasis oral OR Candidosis oral OR denture stomatitis) AND (toluidine blue OR photodynamic therapy OR aPDT OR photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy OR PACT OR photodynamic inactivation OR PDI). Animal studies or in vitro studies involving Candida albicans (C. albicans) and/or nonalbicans stain, randomized clinical trials (RCT) involving patients with oral candidiasis or denture stomatitis published solely in English language were included. Candida elimination method in animal, in vitro studies and RCT used was TBO-mediated aPDT. Exactly 393 studies were taken into consideration. Then, after analyzing titles and abstracts of said studies, 361 were excluded. Only 32 studies ended up being selected for in-depth screening, after which 21 of them were included in this study. All studies reported the antifungal effectiveness of aPDT with TBO against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida. In studies conducted with planktonic cells, only one study showed eradication of C. albicans. All others showed partial elimination and only one of them was not statistically significant. Experiments on yeast biofilms, in all cases, showed partial, statistically significant cell growth inhibition and weight reduction (a reduction in the number of cells—mainly hyphae) and the mass of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). In vivo aPDT mediated by TBO exhibits antifungal effects against oral Candida spp.; however, its clinical effectiveness as a potent therapeutic strategy for oral yeast infections requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics and Relevance of Oral Candida Biofilm in Tongue Smears

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Eunae Cho ◽  
YounJung Park ◽  
Ki-Yeol Kim ◽  
Dawool Han ◽  
Hyun Sil Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Oral Candida ◽  
Antifungal Use ◽  
Candida Biofilm

Dimorphic Candida exist as commensal yeast carriages or infiltrate hyphae in the oral cavity. Here, we investigated the clinical relevance of Candida hyphae in non-pseudomembranous oral candidiasis (OC) by smears of tongue biofilms. We conducted a retrospective study of 2829 patients who had had tongue smears regardless of OC suspicion. Clinical characteristics were evaluated using a novel method of assessing hyphae. Clinical factors (moderate/severe stimulated pain, pain aggravated by stimulation, tongue dorsum appearance and initial topical antifungal use) were highly significant in the high-grade hyphae group but were statistically similar in the low-grade hyphae and non-observed hyphae group, suggesting low-grade hyphae infection as a subclinical OC state. In addition to erythematous candidiasis (EC), a new subtype named “morphologically normal symptomatic candidiasis” (MNSC) with specific pain patterns and normal tongue morphology was identified. MNSC had a significantly higher proportion of moderate and severe stimulated pain cases than EC. Low unstimulated salivary flow rate (<0.1 mL/min) was found to be a common risk factor in MNSC and EC. In non-pseudomembranous OC, pain patterns were dependent on Candida hyphae degree regardless of tongue dorsum morphology. Morphologic differences seen in high-grade hyphae infection were not associated with systemic diseases or nutritional deficiencies.

In-vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), LY303366 and other antifungal agents against oral Candida spp. isolates from HIV-infected patients

1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chávez ◽  
S. Bernal ◽  
A. Valverde ◽  
M. J. Gutierrez ◽  
G. Quindós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Oral Candida

An Emerging Role for Chloroplasts in Disease and Defense

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 423-445
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kachroo ◽  
Tessa M. Burch-Smith ◽  
Murray Grant
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Retrograde Signaling ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Key Players

Chloroplasts are key players in plant immune signaling, contributing to not only de novo synthesis of defensive phytohormones but also the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species following activation of pattern recognition receptors or resistance (R) proteins. The local hypersensitive response (HR) elicited by R proteins is underpinned by chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species. HR-induced lipid peroxidation generates important chloroplast-derived signaling lipids essential to the establishment of systemic immunity. As a consequence of this pivotal role in immunity, pathogens deploy effector complements that directly or indirectly target chloroplasts to attenuate chloroplast immunity (CI). Our review summarizes the current knowledge of CI signaling and highlights common pathogen chloroplast targets and virulence strategies. We address emerging insights into chloroplast retrograde signaling in immune responses and gaps in our knowledge, including the importance of understanding chloroplast heterogeneity and chloroplast involvement in intraorganellular interactions in host immunity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document