scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and Nootropic Aspects of Withania Somnifera: A Potential Herbal Drug as Memory Enhancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1075-1081
Author(s):  
Minakshee G. Nimbalwar
Keyword(s):  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Herbal Drug ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Memory Enhancer ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Withania somnifera is a well-known herbal drug commonly used in India and Indian subcontinent. It contains a spectrum of diverse phytoconstituents that are responsible for number of significant biological effects. Various parts of plants especially roots are rich in source of active phytoconstituents. In the current COVID-19 situation, various national and international agencies are suggesting the use of plant for increasing immunity as well as memory booster. The drug is mainly used in the management of brain related disorders such as anxiety, depression, stress, etc. The mainly used as memory enhancer as it increases the neurogenesis process in the brain. In present paper, we have covered the pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, and therapeutic applications of the plant related to the brain. Keywords: Withania somnifera; Memory enhancer; Roots; Stress.

Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex B. Speers ◽  
Kadine A. Cabey ◽  
Amala Soumyanath ◽  
Kirsten M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Background: Withania somnifera (WS), also known as Ashwagandha, is commonly used in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems. WS has seen an increase in public use worldwide due to its reputation as an adaptogen. This popularity has elicited increased scientific study of its biological effects, including a potential application for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of preclinical and clinical studies examining the neuropsychiatric effects of WS, specifically its application in stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Methods: Reports of human trials and animal studies of WS were collected primarily from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Results: WS root and leaf extracts exhibited noteworthy anti-stress and anti-anxiety activity in animal and human studies. WS also improved symptoms of depression and insomnia, though fewer studies investigated these applications. WS may alleviate these conditions predominantly through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal medullary axes, as well as through GABAergic and serotonergic pathways. While some studies link specific withanolide components to its neuropsychiatric benefits, there is evidence for the presence of additional yet unidentified active compounds in WS. Conclusion: While benefits were seen in the reviewed studies, significant variability in the WS extracts examined prevents a consensus on the optimum WS preparation or dosage from treating neuropsychiatric conditions. WS generally appears safe for human use; however, it will be important to investigate potential herb-drug interactions involving WS if used alongside pharmaceutical interventions. Further elucidation of active compounds of WS is also needed.

scholarly journals Therapeutic applications of chelating drugs in iron metabolic disorders of the brain and retina

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1889-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Shahandeh ◽  
Bang V. Bui ◽  
David I. Finkelstein ◽  
Christine T. O. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Gangliosides in the Brain: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simonetta Sipione ◽  
John Monyror ◽  
Danny Galleguillos ◽  
Noam Steinberg ◽  
Vaibhavi Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Toxicological Studies on Biological Effects of the Herbal Drug Extracts in Rats and Mice : Peony Root, Peach Kernel, Japanese Angelica Root and Cnidium Rhizome

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 937-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
SATORU TANAKA ◽  
ATSUSHI TAKAHASHI ◽  
KINICHI ONODA ◽  
KUNIO KAWASHIMA ◽  
SHINSUKE NAKAURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Herbal Drug ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Peony Root ◽  
Rats And Mice

scholarly journals Chronic Developmental Lead Exposure increases μ-Opiate Receptor Levels in the Adolescent Rat Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris Albores-Garcia ◽  
Jennifer L McGlothan ◽  
Zoran Bursac ◽  
Tomás R. Guilarte
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Brain

AbstractOpioid use and abuse has reached epidemic proportion in the United States resulting in a significant numbers of deaths due to overdose. While environmental factors are implicated in opioid addiction, less is known about the role of exposure to environmental pollutants on the brain opioid system. Human and preclinical studies have suggested an association between childhood lead (Pb2+) intoxication and proclivity to substance abuse and delinquent behavior. Opioid receptors are involved in the biological effects of opioids and other drugs of abuse. In this study, we examine the effect of chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure on μ-opioid receptor (MOR) levels in the rat brain using [3H]-D-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly-ol5 enkephalin ([3H]-DAMGO) quantitative receptor autoradiography.Our results indicate that chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure increases the levels of [3H]-DAMGO specific binding to MOR in several limbic regions of the brain in male and female rats during the pre-adolescence (PN14) and early-adolescence (PN28) period. These changes were less pronounced in late-adolescence (PN50) and adult (PN120) animals. Our findings are important because the pre-adolescence and early adolescence period is a time in which there is higher engagement in reward and drug seeking behaviors in humans.In summary, we show that chronic exposure to Pb2+ an ubiquitous and well-known environmental contaminant and neurotoxicant, alters MOR levels in brain regions associated with addiction circuits in the adolescent period with important implications to opioid drug use and abuse.

scholarly journals Impact of Social Media on Indian Youth with Special Reference to Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 493-496
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Information Share ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Indian Politics ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Brain

Internet has created a single world culture today. Internet is the ocean of knowledge. Social media is a popular platform for the masses to transform the information, share their ideas, thoughts, opinions, images and videos using famous social websites and messengers as well. Generally, users access social media with the help of web-based technology on their laptops and smart phones. Though providing suitable circumstances to people of different age groups for mutual interaction and connectivity, social websites and messengers are the efficient tools for providing opportunities and chances for reaching out to entertainment sources, valuable information for developing social capital for the users. However, Social media is becoming necessary and an imperative tool for the Indian society. Doubtlessly, Social media is the chief source of Education, Communication and Entrepreneurship, Online shopping, Entertainment and plays crucial role in Indian politics as well. Rumours are being circulated regarding COVID-19 pandemic in this tuff time by the masses. To approach it from another angle there are different issues which impact to the Indian society. Adolescents are in the developing stage. It is the stage from babyhood to maturity. Excess of using Social media sustains health problems such as Anxiety, Depression, Frustration, Feeling Alone and Sadness et cetera. Social media can destroy someone’s life by mental harassment, cyber intimidation, infringement of someone’s privacy, decrease the participation in social community. It reveals an abhorrent impact especially on juveniles or adolescents. An international group of investigators or researchers has noticed the Internet can develop both intense and prolong transformations in particular areas of cognition, which may reverberate changes in the brain, disturbing our attentional capacities, memory and social activities and the rest.

scholarly journals Vitamin D, Depressive Symptoms, and Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilciane Ceolin ◽  
Giulia Pipolo Rodrigues Mano ◽  
Natália Schmitt Hames ◽  
Luciana da Conceição Antunes ◽  
Elisa Brietzke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase A ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
The Brain

Graphical AbstractRole of vitamin D in the development of depressive symptoms. The synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight is impaired by lockdown and social distance measures imposed by the governments around the world during COVID-10 pandemic. Endogenous vitamin D synthesis initiates in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is converted in pre-vitamin D3 and then vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. It is transported through blood circulation by the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) to the liver, the kidney, and the brain, where can be converted in its the active form [1,25(OH)2D3]. In the brain, the biological effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 are largely mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR) through genomic mechanisms, which influence several aspects of serotonin metabolism, such as increasing serotonin synthesis by induction of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene expression; influencing the expression of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and the levels of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), responsible to serotonin catabolism; and indirectly may regulate the synthesis of melatonin that improve the circadian rhythm. This mechanism can be impaired during social isolation and consequent reduction of vitamin D due to low sun exposure during the pandemic, which could contribute to the development of depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and clinical applications of traditional medicinal plants as memory booster

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 019-029
Author(s):  
Bhushan R. Gudalwar ◽  
Wrushali A. Panchale ◽  
Jagdish V. Manwar ◽  
Minakshee G. Nimbalwar ◽  
Neha A. Badukale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Rhodiola Rosea ◽  
Smart Drugs ◽  
Traditional Medicinal Plants ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Barriers

There are varieties of traditional medicinal plants widely used for boosting of memory. These plants include Bacopa monnieri, Rhodiola rosea, Ginkgo biloba, Withania somnifera, etc. Memory boosting effect of such plants is solely attributed to their active phytoconstituents. These constituents are also referred to as smart drugs. These are capable of crossing blood brain barriers. They also enhance the cognitive performance in the brain by acting on memory to make it much alert and focused. They are having memory boosting properties to boost the coordination between the neurons and brain. In present paper, attempts were made to cover pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and clinical applications of traditional medicinal plants as memory booster.

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