scholarly journals Vitamin D, Depressive Symptoms, and Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilciane Ceolin ◽  
Giulia Pipolo Rodrigues Mano ◽  
Natália Schmitt Hames ◽  
Luciana da Conceição Antunes ◽  
Elisa Brietzke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase A ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
The Brain

Graphical AbstractRole of vitamin D in the development of depressive symptoms. The synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight is impaired by lockdown and social distance measures imposed by the governments around the world during COVID-10 pandemic. Endogenous vitamin D synthesis initiates in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is converted in pre-vitamin D3 and then vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. It is transported through blood circulation by the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) to the liver, the kidney, and the brain, where can be converted in its the active form [1,25(OH)2D3]. In the brain, the biological effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 are largely mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR) through genomic mechanisms, which influence several aspects of serotonin metabolism, such as increasing serotonin synthesis by induction of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene expression; influencing the expression of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and the levels of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), responsible to serotonin catabolism; and indirectly may regulate the synthesis of melatonin that improve the circadian rhythm. This mechanism can be impaired during social isolation and consequent reduction of vitamin D due to low sun exposure during the pandemic, which could contribute to the development of depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals Effects of Vitamin D3 on the NADPH Oxidase and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in an Animal Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Velimirović ◽  
Gordana Jevtić Dožudić ◽  
Vesna Selaković ◽  
Tihomir Stojković ◽  
Nela Puškaš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
The Brain

Decreased blood flow in the brain leads to a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidase (NOX) is an enzyme family that has the physiological function to produce ROS. NOX2 and NOX4 overexpression is associated with aggravated ischemic injury, while NOX2/4-deficient mice had reduced stroke size. Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contributes to tissue damage. The active form of vitamin D3 expresses neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS. The present study examines the effects of the vitamin D3 pretreatment on the oxidative stress parameters and the expression of NOX subunits, MMP9, microglial marker Iba1, and vitamin D receptor (VDR), in the cortex and hippocampus of Mongolian gerbils subjected to ten minutes of global cerebral ischemia, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. The ischemia/reperfusion procedure has induced oxidative stress, changes in the expression of NOX2 subunits and MMP9 in the brain, and increased MMP9 activity in the serum of experimental animals. Pretreatment with vitamin D3 was especially effective on NOX2 subunits, MMP9, and the level of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion. These results outline the significance of the NOX and MMP9 investigation in brain ischemia and the importance of adequate vitamin D supplementation in ameliorating the injury caused by I/R.

Vitamin D: A Micronutrient Regulating Genes

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 1740-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Carlberg
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Pleiotropic Action ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Normal Human

Background:At sufficient sun exposure, humans can synthesize vitamin D3 endogenously in their skin, but today’s lifestyle makes the secosteroid a true vitamin that needs to be taken up by diet or supplementation with pills. The vitamin D3 metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 acts as a nuclear hormone activating the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR).Methods:This review discusses the biological effects of micronutrient vitamin D ranging from calcium homeostasis and bone formation to the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity.Results:Since normal human diet is sufficient in vitamin D, the need for efficient vitamin D3 synthesis in the skin acts as an evolutionary driver for its lightening during the migration out of Africa towards North. Via activating the VDR, vitamin D has direct effects on the epigenome and the expression of more than 1000 genes in most human tissues and cell types.Conclusion:The pleiotropic action of vitamin D in health and disease prevention is explained through complex gene regulatory events of the transcription factor VDR.

scholarly journals Key Vitamin D Target Genes with Functions in the Immune System

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oona Koivisto ◽  
Andrea Hanel ◽  
Carsten Carlberg
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Monocytic Cell ◽  
Monocytic Cell Line ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity

The biologically active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), modulates innate and adaptive immunity via genes regulated by the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). In order to identify the key vitamin D target genes involved in these processes, transcriptome-wide datasets were compared, which were obtained from a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated in vitro by 1,25(OH)2D3, filtered using different approaches, as well as from PBMCs of individuals supplemented with a vitamin D3 bolus. The led to the genes ACVRL1, CAMP, CD14, CD93, CEBPB, FN1, MAPK13, NINJ1, LILRB4, LRRC25, SEMA6B, SRGN, THBD, THEMIS2 and TREM1. Public epigenome- and transcriptome-wide data from THP-1 cells were used to characterize these genes based on the level of their VDR-driven enhancers as well as the level of the dynamics of their mRNA production. Both types of datasets allowed the categorization of the vitamin D target genes into three groups according to their role in (i) acute response to infection, (ii) infection in general and (iii) autoimmunity. In conclusion, 15 genes were identified as major mediators of the action of vitamin D in innate and adaptive immunity and their individual functions are explained based on different gene regulatory scenarios.

scholarly journals Associations of Vitamin D and Vitamin K and Their Metabolites Across Four Regions of the Human Brain: The Memory and Aging Project (MAP) (FS05-02-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyan Fu ◽  
Will Patterson ◽  
Gregory Dolnikowski ◽  
Bess Dawson-Hughes ◽  
Martha Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Objectives Very little is known about the forms of vitamin D and vitamin K in the human brain. The objective of this study is to evaluate concentrations of vitamin D and vitamin K forms in human brain and their correlations across four human brain regions. Methods Vitamin D [D3, 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D] and vitamin K [phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 (MK4)] concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS and HPLC, respectively, in four brain regions from post-mortem samples obtained from participants in the Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 130, mean age 82 yrs, 81% female). The brain regions analyzed were the mid-frontal cortex (MF) and mid-temporal cortex (MT) [two regions important for memory in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)], the cerebellum (CR, a region not affected by AD), and the anterior watershed white matter (AWS, a region associated with vascular disease). The correlations among the vitamin forms across brain regions were calculated using Spearman rank order correlation coefficients. Significance was set at P < 0.001. Results The average concentrations of vitamin D3, 25(OH)D and MK4 were 604 pg/g, 535 pg/g, and 3.4 pmol/g, respectively. 25(OH)D and MK4 were detected in >95% of the brain samples. Nearly 92% of 1,25(OH)2D and 80% of phylloquinone samples had concentrations below the limit of assay detection (LOD) 1,25(OH)2D = 20 ng/g, phylloquinone = 0.1 pmol/g). Vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D concentrations were positively correlated across all four regions (all Spearman r ≥ 0.78, P < 0.0001). The 1,25(OH)2D was significantly correlated between the MF and CR regions only (Spearman r = 0.30, P < 0.001, all other P ≥ 0.002). MK4 and PK were positively correlated across the four regions studied (MK4 all Spearman r ≥ 0.78, phylloquinone r ≥ 0.49, all P < 0.001). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first evaluation of the concentrations of vitamin D and vitamin K forms in multiple regions of the human brain. Overall, the vitamin D and vitamin K forms were each positively correlated across the four brain regions studied. Future studies are needed to clarify the roles of these nutrients in AD and dementia. Funding Sources National Institute of Aging.

scholarly journals Novel vitamin D analogs that modulate leukemic cell growth and differentiation with little effect on either intestinal calcium absorption or bone mobilization

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
JY Zhou ◽  
AW Norman ◽  
M Lubbert ◽  
ED Collins ◽  
MR Uskokovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Intestinal Calcium Absorption ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Vitamin D Analogs

Abstract Induction of terminal differentiation of leukemic and preleukemic cells is a therapeutic approach to leukemia and preleukemia. The 1 alpha, 25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, can induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation of leukemia cells, but concentrations required to achieve these effects cause life-threatening hypercalcemia. Seven new analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 were discovered to be either equivalent or more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 as assessed by: (a) inhibition of clonal proliferation of HL-60, EM-2, U937, and patients' myeloid leukemic cells: and (b) induction of differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytes. Furthermore, these analogs stimulated clonal growth of normal human myeloid stem cells. The most potent analog, 1,25-dihydroxy-16ene-23yne-vitamin D3, was about fourfold more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3. This analog decreased clonal growth and expression of c-myc oncogene in HL-60 cells by 50% within ten hours of exposure. Effects on calcium metabolism of these novel analogs in vivo was assessed by intestinal calcium absorption (ICA) and bone calcium mobilization (BCM). Each of the analogs mediated markedly less (10 to 200-fold) ICA and BCM as compared with 1,25(OH)2D3. To gain insight into the possible mechanism of action of these new analogs, receptor binding studies were done with 1,25(OH)2–16ene-23yne-D3 and showed that it competed only about 60% as effectively as 1,25(OH)2D3 for 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors present in HL-60 cells and 98% as effective as 1,25(OH)2D3 for receptors present in chick intestinal cells. In summary, we have discovered seven novel vitamin D analogs that are more potent than the physiologic 1,25(OH)2D3 as measured by a variety of hematopoietic assays. In contrast, these compounds appear to have the potential to be markedly less toxic (induction of hypercalcemia). These novel vitamin D compounds may be superior to 1,25(OH)2D3 in a number of clinical situations including leukemia/preleukemia; they will provide a tool to dissect the mechanism of action of vitamin D seco-steroids in promoting cellular differentiation.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Signaling in Inflammation and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 3219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El-Sharkawy ◽  
Ahmed Malki
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Receptor ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Active Form ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skeletal Health ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Vitamin D Signaling

Vitamin D and its active metabolites are important nutrients for human skeletal health. UV irradiation of skin converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3, which metabolized in the liver and kidneys into its active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Apart from its classical role in calcium and phosphate regulation, scientists have shown that the vitamin D receptor is expressed in almost all tissues of the body, hence it has numerous biological effects. These includes fetal and adult homeostatic functions in development and differentiation of metabolic, epidermal, endocrine, neurological and immunological systems of the body. Moreover, the expression of vitamin D receptor in the majority of immune cells and the ability of these cells to actively metabolize 25(OH)D3 into its active form 1,25(OH)2D3 reinforces the important role of vitamin D signaling in maintaining a healthy immune system. In addition, several studies have showed that vitamin D has important regulatory roles of mechanisms controlling proliferation, differentiation and growth. The administration of vitamin D analogues or the active metabolite of vitamin D activates apoptotic pathways, has antiproliferative effects and inhibits angiogenesis. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview on the effects of vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) in regulating inflammation, different cell death modalities and cancer. It also aims to investigate the possible therapeutic benefits of vitamin D and its analogues as anticancer agents.

scholarly journals The role of vitamin D3 in signaling pathways – potential anticancer properties of calcitriol and its analogues

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 920-936
Author(s):  
Olga Wiecheć
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Worse Prognosis

Vitamin D, for many years after the discovery, primarily was associated with bone metabolic processes. Currently, many studies indicate its beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, including cancer. However, deficiency of vitamin D is associated with greater tendency to get sick and worse prognosis in treatment, especially cancer. Calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D (1.25(OH)2D3) and its analogues have a pleiotropic activity, including anti-cancer properties. Many studies indicate, that the active forms of vitamin D3 may show anti-proliferative effects in cancer cells by inhibiting the cell cycle, inducing differentiation or leading to apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Also, extremely important are the possibilities of reducing the invasiveness of tumours through the influence on angiogenesis or adhesion and others. Especially, the anti-cancer role of vitamin D3 is suggested in the case of tumors whose cells express VDR receptors. Interestingly, many cancer cells not only express the VDR receptors, but also due to the expression of CYP27B1 and CYP24A hydroxylases, they can regulate metabolism of calcitriol. Many of the studies using vitamin D3 show that calcitriol and its analogues, due to the influence on cancer cells, can play promising roles in anticancer therapies. Consider the broad pleiotropism of the action of active metabolites of vitamin D3 and the development of research in this field, the current work presents the effect of active forms of vitamin D on some signalling pathways and the regulation of selected proteins in various cancers.

scholarly journals Novel vitamin D analogs that modulate leukemic cell growth and differentiation with little effect on either intestinal calcium absorption or bone mobilization

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
JY Zhou ◽  
AW Norman ◽  
M Lubbert ◽  
ED Collins ◽  
MR Uskokovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Intestinal Calcium Absorption ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Vitamin D Analogs

Induction of terminal differentiation of leukemic and preleukemic cells is a therapeutic approach to leukemia and preleukemia. The 1 alpha, 25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, can induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation of leukemia cells, but concentrations required to achieve these effects cause life-threatening hypercalcemia. Seven new analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 were discovered to be either equivalent or more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 as assessed by: (a) inhibition of clonal proliferation of HL-60, EM-2, U937, and patients' myeloid leukemic cells: and (b) induction of differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytes. Furthermore, these analogs stimulated clonal growth of normal human myeloid stem cells. The most potent analog, 1,25-dihydroxy-16ene-23yne-vitamin D3, was about fourfold more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3. This analog decreased clonal growth and expression of c-myc oncogene in HL-60 cells by 50% within ten hours of exposure. Effects on calcium metabolism of these novel analogs in vivo was assessed by intestinal calcium absorption (ICA) and bone calcium mobilization (BCM). Each of the analogs mediated markedly less (10 to 200-fold) ICA and BCM as compared with 1,25(OH)2D3. To gain insight into the possible mechanism of action of these new analogs, receptor binding studies were done with 1,25(OH)2–16ene-23yne-D3 and showed that it competed only about 60% as effectively as 1,25(OH)2D3 for 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors present in HL-60 cells and 98% as effective as 1,25(OH)2D3 for receptors present in chick intestinal cells. In summary, we have discovered seven novel vitamin D analogs that are more potent than the physiologic 1,25(OH)2D3 as measured by a variety of hematopoietic assays. In contrast, these compounds appear to have the potential to be markedly less toxic (induction of hypercalcemia). These novel vitamin D compounds may be superior to 1,25(OH)2D3 in a number of clinical situations including leukemia/preleukemia; they will provide a tool to dissect the mechanism of action of vitamin D seco-steroids in promoting cellular differentiation.

scholarly journals A review of vitamin D and its importance to the health of dairy cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (S1) ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Jaka Jakob Hodnik ◽  
Jožica Ježek ◽  
Jože Starič
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Milk Fever ◽  
Veterinary Faculty

AbstractThis Research Reflection short review will discuss vitamin D metabolism, its role in nutrition, disease prevention, and welfare of dairy cattle, as well as its toxicity. Vitamin D is an important fat-soluble vitamin. However, some researchers regard it as a hormone due to its function in the organism. Its role is not limited just to Ca homoeostasis and bone metabolism but is also associated with immunity. In dairy cattle it is known for preventing milk fever. Cows can acquire vitamin D in many ways for example through feed, parenteral injections or through UVB irradiation from the sun or artificial lighting. The vitamin D in feed can either be plant-/ fungi- based ergocalciferol or animal-based cholecalciferol. There is currently only one registered feed vitamin D supplement for cattle in the European Union and it is cholecalciferol. Animals can also synthesize their own vitamin D when 7-dihydrocholesterol in the skin is irradiated with UVB light resulting in cholecalciferol production. Despite its importance, many cattle are deficient in vitamin D due to inadequate supplementation or insufficient sun exposure. In a study performed at the Veterinary Faculty in Slovenia 12 high producing Holstein Friesian cows at a commercial dairy farm were blood tested for vitamin D status for three succeeding months and all but one were vitamin D insufficient in all testings. The cows were not exposed to direct sunlight and the content of vitamin D3 in feed was <400 IU/kg dry matter, which is less than half of the NRC (2001) recommendation. Deficiency can also occur due to diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as paratuberculosis, which lower the absorptive capacity of the gut. Vitamin D can be toxic if cows are over-supplemented or consume large quantities of plants like Trisetum flavescens, which contain an active form of vitamin D-calcitriol or its glycosides, that are activated by digestion in the rumen.

SCREENING INVESTIGATIONS OF VITAMIN D CONTENT DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS OF BIG SOCHI

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Chzhu O.P. ◽  
Araviashvili D.E.
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Age Factors ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Active Form ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Data on vitamin D metabolism suggest that it is a secosteroid prohormone. Current studies have shown that the mechanism of functioning of vitamin D is associated with a specific receptor of the hormonally active form of this vitamin (VDR). Receptors for vitamin D are identified in more than 40 target tissues of the body (bones, muscles, intestine, kidneys, heart, prostate gland, mammary glands, pancreas), in particular in most cells of the immune system and epithelial cells lining the mucous membranes which determines many of its biological effects. Vitamin D levels affect 172 major physiological indicators of human health [1,2]. Determining the optimal values for vitamin D connect in body plays a key role in establishment of recommendations for maintaining the normal status of this vitamin throughout the year, including winter months. In connection with the discovery of new extraskeletal (non-calcemic) functions of vitamin, as well as the influence on its content of geographical, ethnic and age factors, it became necessary to clarify the norms of physiological need for this vitamin based on regional conditions [2]. The work presented is a part of comprehensive research on optimizing the reference values of diagnostic systems and enzyme immunoassay systems, in particular, to definite human populations. The investigations presented out in this work revealed the most vulnerable groups in relation to D deficiency and revealed significant seasonal degradation of vitamin content, despite the fairly comfortable climate conditions of the coast of Greater Sochi.

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