scholarly journals POTENTIAL ANIMAL POISONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPEUTICS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökhan CENGİZ ◽  
Aslı ŞAHİNER ◽  
Evren ALGIN YAPAR ◽  
Bilge Ahsen KARA ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Sindhu
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Salmonella Gallinarum ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Simplex Virus

Recent serious effects of viral infections on humans, anti-viral compound research has gained momentum and has become very important. In particular, viruses such as Cytomegalovirus/CMV, Epstein Barr virus/EBV, Hepatitis B/HBV, Hepatitis C/HCV, Herpes Simplex Virus/HSV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HIV, rabies virus, corona virus and Ebola virus are of high importance. Very limited antiviral medicines commercially available and can cause serious-significant side effects for patients receiving treatment. Also, viruses have the mutational capability to infect host cells. For this reason, in recent years, the possibility of producing new antiviral medicines, especially from natural sources, has increased considerably, and animal-based products are now also promising among natural products. Viral-borne infections have been known long ago. However, it was just possible to isolate these viruses that cause infection in the nineteenth century. The management of viral infection, the isolation of the virus, and the control of viral reproduction has played a role in the development of many drugs and vaccines in the studies carried out since that period. In addition to these studies, viruses continue to be one of the primary causes of human and animal diseases today. It has been stated that Antiviral Peptides/AVPs can be used as a defense barrier with previous studies. Some AVPs are known to show a broad spectrum against viruses. In this direction, many studies have been conducted on AVPs and it has been observed that these peptides inhibit the viral particle by the above-mentioned mechanisms. In this study venoms and toxins of some animals, which have antiviral activities are overviewed.                    Peer Review History: Received 24 March 2021; Revised 15 April; Accepted 28 April, Available online 15 May 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah,  Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] Dr. Terhemen Festus Swem, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, [email protected] Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES

Select Viruses in Adults

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-79
Author(s):  
Randall C. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Epidemiologic Factors ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

The following types of viral infections are discussed in this chapter: viral infections that have the capacity for multiorgan or systemic disease; infections that affect adults who may be otherwise healthy or at least not in special populations such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, mumps virus, human parvovirus B19, and coxsackievirus. Reviews of these viruses focus on differentiating clinical features, diagnostic tools and treatment, and salient microbiologic and epidemiologic factors.

scholarly journals An overview of viral infections of the nervous system in the immunosuppressed

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. E. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

Abstract Several viruses have the capacity to cause serious infections of the nervous system in patients who are immunosuppressed. Individuals may be immunosuppressed because of primary inherited immunodeficiency, secondary immunodeficiency due to particular diseases such as malignancy, administration of immunosuppressant drugs or organ or bone marrow transplantation. The viruses capable of such opportunistic infection of the nervous system include herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein –Barr virus (EBV), Human Herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6), JC virus (JCV), enterovirus, measles virus and Covid-19. In most cases it seems likely that immunological defence mechanisms in the immunosuppressed are deficient which creates a suitable environment for certain viruses to become opportunistic in the nervous and other systems. Further research is required both to understand these opportunistic mechanisms in more detail and also to determine how many virus infections are modified by specific inborn errors of immunological responses.

A Survey of Serum Antibodies to Eight Common Viruses in Psychiatric Patients

1985 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. King ◽  
S. J. Cooper ◽  
J. A. P. Earle ◽  
S. J. Martin ◽  
N. V. McFerran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Neurotropic Viruses ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

SummarySerum antibody titres to eight neurotropic viruses were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 450 psychiatric in-patients and 143 controls. A seasonal variation in schizophrenic births was observed, with a peak incidence between March and April. Both herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus antibody titres correlated with age and, when this was controlled for, no significant differences emerged between any patient group and the controls. Mumps antibody titres were significantly lower in patients with mental subnormal and neurosis or personality disorder; measles and rubella antibody titres were lower in male but not female mentally handicapped patients; males had lower antibody titres to mumps, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus than females in all groups. A decrease in mumps antibody titres was also found in schizophrenics if the medication factor was excluded. These low antibody titres may indicate an impaired immune response. Thus perinatal or childhood subclinical viral infections of the central nervous system, particularly of mumps, might lead to a range of possible psychiatric outcomes in later life.

scholarly journals Infectious agents are associated with psychiatric diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Lydia Krause ◽  
Elif Weidinger ◽  
Judith Matz ◽  
Agnes Wildenauer ◽  
Jenny Katharina Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

There are several infectious agents in the environment that can cause persistent infections in the host. They usually cause their symptoms shortly after first infection and later persist as silent viruses and bacteria within the body. However, these chronic infections may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and Tourette's syndrome (TS). We investigated the distribution of different neurotrophic infectious agents in TS, schizophrenia and controls. A total of 93 individuals were included (schizophrenic patients, Tourette patients and controls). We evaluated antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes-simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus, Toxoplasma, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia trachomatis/pneumoniae. By comparing schizophrenia and TS, we found a higher prevalence of HSV (P=0.017) and CMV (P=0.017) antibodies in schizophrenic patients. Considering the relationship between schizophrenia, TS and healthy controls, we showed that there are associations for Chlamydia trachomatis (P=0.007), HSV (P=0.027) and CMV (P=0.029). When all measured viruses, bacteria and protozoa were combined, schizophrenic patients had a higher rate of antibodies to infectious agents than TS patients (P=0.049). Tourette and schizophrenic patients show a different vulnerability to infectious agents. Schizophrenic patients were found to have a higher susceptibility to viral infections than individuals with TS. This finding might point to a modification in special immune parameters in these diseases.

scholarly journals Inosine Pranobex Deserves Attention as a Potential Immunomodulator to Achieve Early Alteration of the COVID-19 Disease Course

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2246
Author(s):  
Jiří Beran ◽  
Marián Špajdel ◽  
Jiří Slíva
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Inosine Pranobex ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Early Alteration

Since its licensing in 1971, the synthetic compound inosine pranobex has been effectively combating viral infections, including herpes zoster, varicella, measles, and infections caused by the herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and respiratory viruses. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, new and existing drugs have been intensively evaluated for their potential as COVID-19 medication. Due to its potent immunomodulatory properties, inosine pranobex, an orally administered drug with pleiotropic effects, can, during early treatment, alter the course of the disease. We describe the action of inosine pranobex in the body and give an overview of existing evidence collected to support further efforts to study this drug in a rigorous clinical trial setup.

Immunological, Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of an HIV-1 Positive Drug Abuser Cohort

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-672
Author(s):  
Ivano Mezzaroma ◽  
Gianpiero D'Offizi ◽  
Elena Pinter ◽  
Rosetta Ferrara ◽  
Rosamaria Rosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocyte ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Intravenous Drug Abusers ◽  
Hiv 1

We analyzed a cohort of intravenous drug abusers with HIV-1 disease attending our institute in the years 1985–1993. We focused particular attention on the epidemiological analysis of patients, and their clinical, immunological and infectious conditions. The significance of biological markers, particulary CD4+ lymphocyte count and the occurence of other viral infections such as Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Simplex virus and Hepatitis B and C viruses in the progress of HIV-1 disease were evaluated. At least two-thirds of the patients at different stages of HIV-1 were treated with antiretroviral drugs: zidovudine (AZT) from 1987 up to the present and more recently didanosine (DDI) alone or in combination with AZT. Psychological and behavioral aspects of our HIV-1 infected drug abusers, in particular needle exchange and condom use, were analyzed.

‘It's just a virus’ – viral illness in older people: prevention and management

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Payne ◽  
Donall Forde ◽  
Alicia Vedio ◽  
Alison Cope ◽  
Gary Pratt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Viral Illness ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

SummaryMany viral infections that cause minor illness in younger adults can lead to significant mortality and morbidity in older people, particularly as co-morbidities tend to accumulate with increased age. Respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses are ubiquitous and frequently cause outbreaks, with major impact on those in care homes or residential accommodation. Advances in medicine have opened the way for increased impact of the herpes viruses (varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus), as immune systems are manipulated. People are also leading more active lives in older age; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will be increasingly prevalent, as those living with HIV grow older in good health. In addition, new diagnoses of HIV, viral hepatitis and travel-related infections will present to those working in health care of older people. This review article of viral infections aims to highlight relevant pathology, with specific reference to management in older people.

scholarly journals APOBECs and Herpesviruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Adam Z. Cheng ◽  
Sofia N. Moraes ◽  
Nadine M. Shaban ◽  
Elisa Fanunza ◽  
Craig J. Bierle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
New Host ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Replication Intermediates

The APOBEC family of DNA cytosine deaminases provides a broad and overlapping defense against viral infections. Successful viral pathogens, by definition, have evolved strategies to escape restriction by the APOBEC enzymes of their hosts. HIV-1 and related retroviruses are thought to be the predominant natural substrates of APOBEC enzymes due to obligate single-stranded DNA replication intermediates, abundant evidence for cDNA strand C-to-U editing (genomic strand G-to-A hypermutation), and a potent APOBEC degradation mechanism. In contrast, much lower mutation rates are observed in double-stranded DNA herpesviruses and the evidence for APOBEC mutation has been less compelling. However, recent work has revealed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) are potential substrates for cellular APOBEC enzymes. To prevent APOBEC-mediated restriction these viruses have repurposed their ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) large subunits to directly bind, inhibit, and relocalize at least two distinct APOBEC enzymes – APOBEC3B and APOBEC3A. The importance of this interaction is evidenced by genetic inactivation of the EBV RNR (BORF2), which results in lower viral infectivity and higher levels of C/G-to-T/A hypermutation. This RNR-mediated mechanism therefore likely functions to protect lytic phase viral DNA replication intermediates from APOBEC-catalyzed DNA C-to-U deamination. The RNR-APOBEC interaction defines a new host-pathogen conflict that the virus must win in real-time for transmission and pathogenesis. However, partial losses over evolutionary time may also benefit the virus by providing mutational fuel for adaptation.

scholarly journals Viral Infections, Including Influenza and Corona Virus Disease 2019, and Vitamin D: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srđana Čulić
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

Recent research about the influence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency on the occurrence of viral infections suggests that children with VD deficiency have attenuated immune response. This, in turn, increases the severity of viral infections, especially those of the respiratory tract, that show a typical seasonality pattern during the winter months. Despite the immunization of children at the global level, outbreaks of influenza do frequently occur. Over the past months, we have witnessed that the explosive pandemic of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significant mortality in some countries. Numerous studies have shown that VD deficiency is increasingly prevalent worldwide, and that it is potentially associated with the onset of viral infections. Persons with hypovitaminosis D and subsequent secondary immunodeficiencies ought to be identified and treated, while preventive supplementation of VD should be recommended to the general population to avoid VD deficiency during the winter. In this way, the burden of viral infections on population health and economy could be reduced. This paper also reviews the influence of VD on infections caused by hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human herpes virus 6, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus.

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